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Article: Reliability, validity, and measurement invariance of a Chinese Handwriting Legibility Scale among primary students in China
Title | Reliability, validity, and measurement invariance of a Chinese Handwriting Legibility Scale among primary students in China |
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Authors | |
Keywords | Chinese handwriting development and validation legibility primary school students spatial cognition |
Issue Date | 28-Jul-2023 |
Publisher | Frontiers Media |
Citation | Frontiers in Psychology, 2023, v. 14 How to Cite? |
Abstract | Background: Chinese handwriting has a close relationship with spatial cognition, and the legibility dimension is prominent with its spatial-oriented characteristics. However, handwriting evaluation focusing on the detailed spatial aspects of the legibility dimension in the Chinese context is rare. Aims and methods: We aimed to develop a Chinese Handwriting Legibility Scale (CHLS) and examine its reliability, validity, and measurement invariance among Chinese primary students of different grades. A total of 684 students aged 8–12 years were recruited from a mainstream primary school in central China and were asked to copy a Chinese template as legibly as possible within 4 min. The developed CHLS was used to assess these students’ legibility performance. Results: The seven-criteria CHLS favored content validity. The inter-rater reliability was good; however, the scoring instructions need to be refined. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a one-factor solution explaining 62.336% of the variance of the seven-criteria CHLS, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed its appropriateness. There was a high internal consistency (α = 0.902). In terms of measurement invariance, the factor structures and loadings of the CHLS were consistent across students of different grades; however, significant intercept variations were detected between students of Grades 2 and 4. Conclusion: CHLS may be effective for evaluating Chinese handwriting legibility performance in the Chinese primary school context in the central region. Students’ Chinese handwriting legibility performance may have developmental specificity in different grades. |
Persistent Identifier | http://hdl.handle.net/10722/331227 |
ISSN | 2023 Impact Factor: 2.6 2023 SCImago Journal Rankings: 0.800 |
ISI Accession Number ID |
DC Field | Value | Language |
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dc.contributor.author | Lu, H | - |
dc.contributor.author | Chen, X | - |
dc.contributor.author | Leung, FKS | - |
dc.contributor.author | Zuo, H | - |
dc.date.accessioned | 2023-09-21T06:53:52Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2023-09-21T06:53:52Z | - |
dc.date.issued | 2023-07-28 | - |
dc.identifier.citation | Frontiers in Psychology, 2023, v. 14 | - |
dc.identifier.issn | 1664-1078 | - |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10722/331227 | - |
dc.description.abstract | <p><strong>Background:</strong> Chinese handwriting has a close relationship with spatial cognition, and the legibility dimension is prominent with its spatial-oriented characteristics. However, handwriting evaluation focusing on the detailed spatial aspects of the legibility dimension in the Chinese context is rare.</p><p><strong>Aims and methods:</strong> We aimed to develop a Chinese Handwriting Legibility Scale (CHLS) and examine its reliability, validity, and measurement invariance among Chinese primary students of different grades. A total of 684 students aged 8–12 years were recruited from a mainstream primary school in central China and were asked to copy a Chinese template as legibly as possible within 4 min. The developed CHLS was used to assess these students’ legibility performance.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The seven-criteria CHLS favored content validity. The inter-rater reliability was good; however, the scoring instructions need to be refined. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a one-factor solution explaining 62.336% of the variance of the seven-criteria CHLS, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed its appropriateness. There was a high internal consistency (<em>α</em> = 0.902). In terms of measurement invariance, the factor structures and loadings of the CHLS were consistent across students of different grades; however, significant intercept variations were detected between students of Grades 2 and 4.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> CHLS may be effective for evaluating Chinese handwriting legibility performance in the Chinese primary school context in the central region. Students’ Chinese handwriting legibility performance may have developmental specificity in different grades.</p> | - |
dc.language | eng | - |
dc.publisher | Frontiers Media | - |
dc.relation.ispartof | Frontiers in Psychology | - |
dc.rights | This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. | - |
dc.subject | Chinese handwriting | - |
dc.subject | development and validation | - |
dc.subject | legibility | - |
dc.subject | primary school students | - |
dc.subject | spatial cognition | - |
dc.title | Reliability, validity, and measurement invariance of a Chinese Handwriting Legibility Scale among primary students in China | - |
dc.type | Article | - |
dc.description.nature | published_or_final_version | - |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1050894 | - |
dc.identifier.scopus | eid_2-s2.0-85167620373 | - |
dc.identifier.volume | 14 | - |
dc.identifier.eissn | 1664-1078 | - |
dc.identifier.isi | WOS:001045247200001 | - |
dc.identifier.issnl | 1664-1078 | - |