Particle addition and subtraction channels and the behavior of composite particles

Abstract

Composite particles made of elementary fermions can exhibit a wide range of behavior ranging from fermionic to bosonic depending on the quantum state of the fermions and the experimental situation considered. This behavior is captured by the fundamental operations of single-particle addition and subtraction and two-particle interference. We analyze the quantum channels that implement the physical operations of addition and subtraction of indistinguishable particles. In particular, we construct optimal Kraus operators to implement these probabilistic operations for systems of a finite number of particles. We then use these to measure the quality of bosonic and fermionic behavior in terms of single-particle addition and subtraction and two-particle interference. For the specific case of composite particles made of two distinguishable fermions, we find a transition from fermionic to bosonic behavior as a function of the entanglement between the two constituents.We also apply these considerations to composite particles of two distinguishable bosons and identify the relation between entanglement and bosonic behavior for these systems. © IOP Publishing Ltd and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.