A Crystalline-Water Electrolyte Enabled High Depth-of-Discharge Anodes in Aqueous Zinc Metal Batteries

Abstract

Aqueous zinc metal batteries are regarded as a promising energy storage solution for a green and sustainable society in the future. However, the practical application of metallic zinc anode is plagued by the thermodynamic instability issue of water molecules in conventional electrolytes, which leads to severe dendrite growth and side reactions. In this work, an ultra-thin and high areal capacity metallic zinc anode is achieved by utilizing crystalline water with a stable stoichiometric ratio. Unlike conventional electrolytes, the designed electrolyte can effectively suppress the reactivity of water molecules and diminish the detrimental corrosion on the metallic zinc anode, while preserving the inherent advantages of water molecules, including great kinetic performance in electrolytes and H⁺ capacity contribution in cathodes. Based on the comprehensive performance of the designed electrolyte, the 10 µm Zn||10 µm Zn symmetric cell stably ran for 1000 h at the current density of 1 mA cm⁻², and the areal capacity of 1 mAh cm⁻², whose depth-of-discharge is over 17.1%. The electrochemical performance of the 10 µm Zn||9.3 mg cm⁻² polyaniline (PANI) full-cell demonstrates the feasibility of the designed electrolyte. This work provides a crucial understanding of balancing activity of water molecules in aqueous zinc metal batteries.