Manipulating coordination environment for a high-voltage aqueous copper-chlorine battery

Abstract

Aqueous copper-based batteries have many favourable properties and have thus attracted considerable attention, but their application is limited by their low operating voltage originating from the high potential of copper negative electrode (0.34 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode). Herein, we propose a coordination strategy for reducing the intrinsic negative electrode redox potential in aqueous copper-based batteries and thus improving their operating voltage. This is achieved by establishing an appropriate coordination environment through the electrolyte tailoring via Cl⁻ ions. When coordinated with chlorine, the intermediate Cu⁺ ions in aqueous electrolytes are successfully stabilized and the electrochemical process is decoupled into two separate redox reactions involving Cu²⁺/Cu⁺ and Cu⁺/Cu⁰; Cu⁺/Cu⁰ results in a redox potential approximately 0.3 V lower than that for Cu²⁺/Cu⁰. Compared to the coordination with water, the coordination with chlorine also results in higher copper utilization, more rapid redox kinetics, and superior cycle stability. An aqueous copper-chlorine battery, harnessing Cl⁻/Cl⁰ redox reaction at the positive electrode, is discovered to have a high discharge voltage of 1.3 V, and retains 77.4% of initial capacity after 10,000 cycles. This work may open up an avenue to boosting the voltage and energy of aqueous copper batteries.