Initiating a mild aqueous electrolyte Co3O4/Zn battery with 2.2 V-high voltage and 5000-cycle lifespan by a Co(iii) rich-electrode

Abstract

The Zn/Co<inf>3</inf>O<inf>4</inf> battery is one of the few aqueous electrolyte batteries with a potential >2 V voltage. Unfortunately, so far, all reported Zn/Co<inf>3</inf>O<inf>4</inf> batteries are using an alkaline electrolyte, resulting in poor cycling stability and environmental problems. Here, we report a Co(iii) rich-Co<inf>3</inf>O<inf>4</inf> nanorod material with vastly improved electrochemical kinetics. Zn/Co(iii) rich-Co<inf>3</inf>O<inf>4</inf> batteries can work well in ZnSO<inf>4</inf> with a CoSO<inf>4</inf> additive aqueous solution as a mild electrolyte, delivering a high voltage of 2.2 V, a capacity of 205 mA h g^-1 (Co<inf>3</inf>O<inf>4</inf>) and an extreme cycling stability of 92% capacity retention even after 5000 cycles. Further mechanistic study reveals a conversion reaction between in situ formed CoO and Co<inf>3</inf>O<inf>4</inf>, which has never been observed in an alkaline Zn/Co<inf>3</inf>O<inf>4</inf> battery. Subsequently, a flexible solid-state battery is constructed and reveals high flexibility and a high energy density of 360.8 W h kg^-1 at a current density of 0.5 A g^-1. Our research initiates the first Zn/Co<inf>3</inf>O<inf>4</inf> battery working in a mild electrolyte, resulting in excellent electrochemical performance. It also indicates that the electrochemical kinetics can be effectively enhanced by fine tuning the atomic structure of electrode materials, opening a new door to improve the performance of aqueous electrolyte batteries.