The potential of factor XII inhibitors in preventing hereditary angioedema attacks

Abstract

Introduction: Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of subcutaneous and/or submucosal swelling (angioedema). Current HAE-specific medications primarily focus on either inhibiting plasma bradykinin or kallikrein, or replacing C1-esterase inhibitor, but they are frequently limited in efficacy and accessibility. In contrast, Factor XII (FXII) inhibitors may provide a novel therapeutic approach by targeting the contact system at an upstream level, potentially addressing some of these limitations. Areas covered: This review explores the role of FXII in HAE and assesses FXII inhibition as a promising prophylactic treatment strategy. By synthesizing findings from both preclinical and clinical studies and real-world observational studies, the review highlights the efficacy, safety, and practical benefits of FXII inhibitors, such as garadacimab. Expert opinion: FXII inhibition represents a promising new strategy for HAE management and may address current unmet needs in prophylactic therapies. The early experiences of garadacimab highlights FXII as a viable and druggable target, paving the way for broader applications in bradykinin-mediated disorders. Despite its potential, uncertainties remain regarding long-term safety, cost, and accessibility. Future research will help redefine the role of FXII inhibition in advancing personalized care and improving the quality of life for patients with HAE.