方言韵律语法

Abstract

<p>The study of Chinese dialectal prosodic grammar is conducted using a comparative approach to investigate the different methods adopted by various Chinese dialects (especially between other Chinese dialects and Mandarin) under the same prosodic constraints, as well as the different prosodic syntactic operations triggered or activated by various prosodic phenomena. For example, it has been mentioned earlier in this book that, in Mandarin, for the main stress to be assigned to the prepositional adjunct, the preposition must be incorporated into the verb to form a complex verb, and then this complex verb must assign the main stress to the prepositional adjunct to satisfy the stress constraint. However, in the Chinese dialects discussed in this chapter, verb-like prepositions can be used to satisfy the stress constraint, thereby eliminating the need for the grammatical operation of preposition incorporation.</p><p>In Chapter 1, it was observed that the hierarchical structure of prosodic grammar includes verb phrase prosody (main stress), tense phrase prosody (focus stress), and clause prosody (intonation stress). The verb phrase prosody level is focused on prosodic phenomena related to the main stress. The assignment of the main stress is carried out in the most deeply embedded component of the sentence or the most deeply embedded verb phrase component, hence the verb phrase prosody is concerned with the main stress. The tense phrase prosody level refers to the syntactic positions corresponding to narrow focus stress, focusing on the prosodic constraint grammatical phenomena related to narrow focus stress. The top-level clause prosody includes the syntactic positions of mood particles; since mood particles and intonation are two sides of the same coin, prosodic phenomena related to intonation stress are an important focus at this level.</p><p>In this chapter, the phenomena of prosodic constraint grammar present at different levels in Chinese dialects will be introduced based on these three prosodic levels. The ways in which these phenomena satisfy prosodic requirements will be examined, and the influence of the unique characteristics of dialects on prosodic constrained grammar will be analyzed.</p>

方言韻律語法研究是用對照比較的方式，探討不同方言（尤其是方言和普通話之間）在相同的韻律制約下所採用的不同手段，以及不同韻律現象所採用或啟動的不同的韻律句法運作。譬如，本書前文曾提及普通話為了讓介詞補述語取得核心重音，就必須把介詞併入動詞來構成複雜動詞，再讓該複雜動詞把核心重音指派至介詞補述語上才能滿足轄重律，但下文介紹的方言卻可以利用動詞性較強的介詞來滿足轄重律，所以無須進行介詞併入的語法操作。我們在第一章看到韻律語法的層級結構包括：動詞短語韻律（核心重音）、時態短語韻律（焦點重音）、標句短語韻律（語調重音）。其中動詞短語韻律層級關注的是與核心重音相關的韻律現象。核心重音的指派是在句子最深嵌的成分或最深嵌的動詞短語成分中進行，因此動詞短語韻律關注的是核心重音。時態短語韻律層級則指狹域焦點重音對應的句法位置，該層關注的是與狹域焦點重音相關的韻律制約語法現象。位於頂層的標句短語韻律層級包含了語氣助詞的句法位置，由於語氣助詞和句調是一體兩面，所以與語調重音相關的韻律現象是該層的重要關注對象。

本章將基於這三個韻律層級分別介紹方言中不同層級存在哪些韻律制約語法的現象，這些現象是以什麼樣的方式實現了韻律的整飭，以及方言的個性特徵如何影響韻律制約語法。