Development and validation of the eating expectancy scale with Chinese population in Hong Kong

Abstract

Objective: Past research has examined the expected outcomes in eating behaviors. Eating expectancies help to clarify why one eats, especially when without a physiological hunger. However, little studies have focused on the eating expectancies in a Chinese population. The current study aimed to develop and validate a Chinese Eating Expectancy Scale (CEES) in the local population, and to examine its psychometric properties, including reliability and validity. Method: The initial theoretical framework contained 8 eating expectancies, consisting of 50 items. It was subsequently reviewed by focus group participants (n=17) who have met inclusion and exclusion criteria in eating behaviors and current mental state, and content experts (n=5). Based on qualitative and quantitative feedback, redundant items were removed, and 3 other constructs were added. A 57-item CEES was dispersed to the public (n=449; Mage=30.9, SDage=11.9) for completion, alongside other measurements in relation to subjective well-being, mood, eating behavioral pattern, and food-related cognitions and behaviors. The questionnaires were sent out for completion again after 4 weeks. Results: Factor analysis confirmed a 10-factor model, and 45 items were retained in the finalized CEES (factor loading >.5). The CEES displayed adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha ≥.86). Inter-scale correlations revealed moderate to large positive correlations for most but one of the subscales. Convergent and divergent validities showed adequate results. Preliminary predictive validity and test-retest reliability were explored, and results indicated need of further testing for more accurate results. Discussion: The current study developed and validated the psychometric properties of the CEES. The CEES may be used as a supplementary assessment tool for eating behaviors and is applicable to both a clinical and nonclinical population.