Cyborg microbe biohybrids with metal–organic coating layers: Strategies, functionalisation and potential applications

Abstract

The integration of living microbes, specifically bacteria and fungi, with metal–organic nanocoatings has led to the recent development of cyborg microbe biohybrids, which show excellent adaptability and functionality for a wide range of potential applications in biotechnology and medicine. This review discusses the strategies, functionalisation, and applications of these biohybrids, which are categorised into two types of coatings: metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and metal–phenolic networks (MPNs). Key advances in their synthetic approaches via in-situ and pre-synthesised coatings are crucially addressed, and yet the methodology details and specific advantages are highlighted. Despite the notable advancements, there are various limitations and challenges, such as determination of the long-term viability and stability of the biohybrids, insufficient work on their theranostic applications and essentially scaling-up difficulties for industrial and clinical translation. The latest advancements in the biohybrids and related technology have established a critical foundation for enhancing innovative studies through the strong interdisciplinary teamwork.