Glycaemic control and microvascular complications among paediatric type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Hong Kong at 2 years after diagnosis

Abstract

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is becoming increasingly common among children and adolescents worldwide, including those in Hong Kong. This study analysed the characteristics and prevalence of microvascular complications among paediatric T2DM patients in Hong Kong at diagnosis and 2 years after diagnosis. Methods: All patients aged <18 years who had been diagnosed with DM at public hospitals in Hong Kong were recruited into the Hong Kong Childhood Diabetes Registry. Data collected at diagnosis and 2 years after diagnosis were retrospectively retrieved from the Registry for patients diagnosed from 2014 to 2018. Results: Median haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were 7.5% (n=203) at diagnosis and 6.5% (n=135) 2 years after diagnosis; 59.3% of patients achieved optimal glycaemic control (HbA1c level <7%) at 2 years. A higher HbA1c level at diagnosis was associated with worse glycaemic control at 2 years (correlation coefficient=0.39; P<0.001). The presence of dyslipidaemia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=3.19; P=0.033) and fatty liver (aOR=2.50; P=0.021) at 2 years were associated with suboptimal glycaemic control. Diabetic neuropathy and retinopathy were rare in our cohort, but 18.6% of patients developed microalbuminuria (MA) within 2 years after diagnosis. Patients with MA had a higher HbA1c level at 2 years (median: 7.2% vs 6.4%; P=0.037). Hypertension was a risk factor for MA at 2 years, independent of glycaemic control (aOR=4.61; P=0.008). Conclusion: These results highlight the importance of early diagnosis and holistic management (including co-morbidity management) for paediatric T2DM patients.