Preoperative weight loss interventions before total hip and knee arthroplasty: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Abstract

Background: The high co-prevalence of obesity and end-stage osteoarthritis requiring arthroplasty, with the former being a risk factor for complications during arthroplasty, has led to increasing interest in employing preoperative weight loss interventions such as bariatric surgery and diet modification. However, the current evidence is conflicting, and this study aimed to investigate the effect of weight loss intervention before arthroplasty in prospective randomized controlled trials. Methods: Four electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) were searched for prospective randomized controlled trials that compared weight loss interventions with usual care from inception to October 2023 by following the PRISMA guidelines. The Cochrane risk of bias tool and GRADE framework were used to assess the quality of the studies. Meta-analyses were performed when sufficient data were available from 2 or more studies. Results: Three randomized controlled trials involving 198 patients were identified. Two studies employed diet modification, and one study utilized bariatric surgery. All three studies reported significant reductions in body weight and body mass index (BMI), and intervention groups had fewer postoperative complications. There was no difference in the length of stay between the intervention group and the control group. Variable patient-reported outcome measures were used by different research groups. Conclusion: Weight loss intervention can achieve significant reductions in body weight and body mass index before arthroplasty, with fewer postoperative complications reported. Further studies with different populations could confirm the effect of these interventions among populations with different obesity characteristics.