AI Transformers for Radiation Dose Reduction in Serial Whole-Body PET Scans

Abstract

<p>Purpose: To develop a deep learning approach that enables ultra-low-dose, 1% of the standard clinical dosage (3 MBq/kg), ultrafast whole-body PET reconstruction in cancer imaging.</p><p>Materials and Methods: In this Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant study, serial fluorine 18-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose PET/MRI scans of pediatric patients with lymphoma were retrospectively collected from two cross-continental medical centers between July 2015 and March 2020. Global similarity between baseline and follow-up scans was used to develop Masked-LMCTrans, a longitudinal multimodality coattentional convolutional neural network (CNN) transformer that provides interaction and joint reasoning between serial PET/MRI scans from the same patient. Image quality of the reconstructed ultra-low-dose PET was evaluated in comparison with a simulated standard 1% PET image. The performance of Masked-LMCTrans was compared with that of CNNs with pure convolution operations (classic U-Net family), and the effect of different CNN encoders on feature representation was assessed. Statistical differences in the structural similarity index measure (SSIM), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and visual information fidelity (VIF) were assessed by two-sample testing with the Wilcoxon signed rank t test.</p><p>Results: The study included 21 patients (mean age, 15 years +/- 7 [SD]; 12 female) in the primary cohort and 10 patients (mean age, 13 years +/- 4; six female) in the external test cohort. Masked-LMCTrans-reconstructed follow-up PET images demonstrated significantly less noise and more detailed structure compared with simulated 1% extremely ultra-low-dose PET images. SSIM, PSNR, and VIF were significantly higher for Masked-LMCTrans-reconstructed PET (P <.001), with improvements of 15.8%, 23.4%, and 186%, respectively.</p><p>Conclusion: Masked-LMCTrans achieved high image quality reconstruction of 1% low-dose whole-body PET images.</p>