Boundary work and exchange: The formation of a professional service market

Abstract

This article develops a processual theory of boundary work and exchange for understanding the emergence and transformation of social structures such as professions and their state regulatory regimes. It argues that social boundaries are often ambiguous and elastic areas, and their social construction involves multiple forms of boundary work (boundary making, boundary blurring, and boundary maintenance) as well as the process of exchange that integrates them. Based upon 256 in-depth interviews with law practitioners and public officials in twelve provinces of China, 3 years of ethnographic work on a professional Internet forum, and archival research, the study employs the theory of boundary work and exchange to explain the creation, differentiation, and fragmentation of legal professions in three decades of China's economic reform (1979 to 2009).