Simultaneous certification of entangled states and measurements in bounded dimensional semiquantum games

Abstract

Certification of quantum systems and operations is a central task in quantum information processing. Most current schemes rely on a tomography with fully characterized devices, while this may not be met in real experiments. Device characterizations can be removed with device-independent tests, but it is technically challenging at the moment. In this paper, we investigate the problem of certifying entangled states and measurements via semiquantum games, a type of nonlocal quantum games with well characterized quantum inputs, balancing practicality and device independence. We first design a specific bounded-dimensional semiquantum game, with which any pure entangled state and Bell state measurement operators can be simultaneously certified. Afterward via a duality treatment of state and measurement, we interpret the dual form of this game as a source-independent bounded-dimensional entanglement swapping protocol and show the whole process, including any entangled projector and Bell states, can be certified with this protocol. In particular, our results do not require a complete Bell state measurement, which is beneficial for experiments and practical use.