Tissue-specific analysis of Fgf18 gene function in palate development

Abstract

Background: Previous studies showed that mice lacking Fgf18 function had cleft palate defects and that the FGF18 locus was associated with cleft lip and palate in humans, but what specific roles Fgf18 plays during palatogenesis are unclear. Results: We show that Fgf18 exhibits regionally restricted expression in developing palatal shelves, mandible, and tongue, during palatal outgrowth and fusion in mouse embryos. Tissue-specific inactivation of Fgf18 throughout neural crest-derived craniofacial mesenchyme caused shortened mandible and reduction in ossification of the frontal, nasal, and anterior cranial base skeletal elements in Fgf18c/c;Wnt1-Cre mutant mice. About 64% of Fgf18c/c;Wnt1-Cre mice exhibited cleft palate. Whereas palatal shelf elevation was impaired in many Fgf18c/c;Wnt1-Cre embryos, no significant difference in palatal cell proliferation was detected between Fgf18c/c;Wnt1-Cre embryos and their control littermates. Embryonic maxillary explants from Fgf18c/c;Wnt1-Cre embryos showed successful palatal shelf elevation and fusion in organ culture similar to the maxillary explants from control embryos. Furthermore, tissue-specific inactivation of Fgf18 in the early palatal mesenchyme did not cause cleft palate. Conclusion: These results demonstrate a critical role for Fgf18 expression in the neural crest-derived mesenchyme for the development of the mandible and multiple craniofacial bones but Fgf18 expression in the palatal mesenchyme is dispensable for palatogenesis.