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Article: Walled vessel-mimicking phantom for ultrasound imaging using 3D printing with a water-soluble filament: design principle, fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulation, and experimental validation
Title | Walled vessel-mimicking phantom for ultrasound imaging using 3D printing with a water-soluble filament: design principle, fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulation, and experimental validation |
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Authors | |
Keywords | artery blood flow elasticity polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) ultrasound |
Issue Date | 2020 |
Publisher | Institute of Physics Publishing. The Journal's web site is located at http://www.iop.org/journals/pmb |
Citation | Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2020, v. 65 n. 8, p. article no. 085006 How to Cite? |
Abstract | The geometry and stiffness of a vessel are pertinent to blood dynamics and vessel wall mechanical behavior and may alter in diseased conditions. Ultrasound-based ultrafast Doppler (uDoppler) imaging and shear wave imaging (SWI) techniques have been extensively exploited for the assessment of vascular hemodynamics and mechanics. Their performance is conventionally validated on vessel-mimicking phantoms (VMPs) prior to their clinical use. Compared with commercial ones, customized VMPs are favored for research use because of their wider range of material properties, more complex lumen geometries, or wall structures. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technique with plastic filaments is a promising method for making VMPs with a complex vessel lumen. However, it may require a toxic solvent or a long dissolution time currently. In this paper, we present a safe, efficient and geometrically flexible method where FDM 3D printing with a water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) filament is exploited to fabricate a walled three-branch VMP (VMP-I). As a key step in fabrication, to avoid dissolution of the PVA-printed vessel core by the solution of the tissue-mimicking material, paraffin wax was used for isolation. Paraffin wax is easy to coat (i.e., without any special equipment), of satisfactory thickness (~0.1 mm), chemically stable, easy to remove after fabrication, thus making the proposed method practicable for ultrasound imaging studies. VMP-I was examined by B-mode imaging and power Doppler imaging (PDI) to verify complete dissolution of PVA-printed vessel core in its lumen, confirming good fabrication quality. The flow velocities in VMP-I were estimated by uDoppler imaging with a -0.8% difference, and the shear wave propagation speeds for the same phantom were estimated by SWI with a -6.03% difference when compared with fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulation results. A wall-less VMP of a scaled and simplified coronary arterial network (VMP-II) was additionally fabricated and examined to test the capability of the proposed method for a complex lumen geometry. The proposed fabrication method for customized VMPs is foreseen to facilitate the development of ultrasound imaging techniques for blood vessels. |
Persistent Identifier | http://hdl.handle.net/10722/281220 |
ISSN | 2023 Impact Factor: 3.3 2023 SCImago Journal Rankings: 0.972 |
ISI Accession Number ID |
DC Field | Value | Language |
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dc.contributor.author | DONG, J | - |
dc.contributor.author | Zhang, Y | - |
dc.contributor.author | Lee, W | - |
dc.date.accessioned | 2020-03-09T09:51:45Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2020-03-09T09:51:45Z | - |
dc.date.issued | 2020 | - |
dc.identifier.citation | Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2020, v. 65 n. 8, p. article no. 085006 | - |
dc.identifier.issn | 0031-9155 | - |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10722/281220 | - |
dc.description.abstract | The geometry and stiffness of a vessel are pertinent to blood dynamics and vessel wall mechanical behavior and may alter in diseased conditions. Ultrasound-based ultrafast Doppler (uDoppler) imaging and shear wave imaging (SWI) techniques have been extensively exploited for the assessment of vascular hemodynamics and mechanics. Their performance is conventionally validated on vessel-mimicking phantoms (VMPs) prior to their clinical use. Compared with commercial ones, customized VMPs are favored for research use because of their wider range of material properties, more complex lumen geometries, or wall structures. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technique with plastic filaments is a promising method for making VMPs with a complex vessel lumen. However, it may require a toxic solvent or a long dissolution time currently. In this paper, we present a safe, efficient and geometrically flexible method where FDM 3D printing with a water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) filament is exploited to fabricate a walled three-branch VMP (VMP-I). As a key step in fabrication, to avoid dissolution of the PVA-printed vessel core by the solution of the tissue-mimicking material, paraffin wax was used for isolation. Paraffin wax is easy to coat (i.e., without any special equipment), of satisfactory thickness (~0.1 mm), chemically stable, easy to remove after fabrication, thus making the proposed method practicable for ultrasound imaging studies. VMP-I was examined by B-mode imaging and power Doppler imaging (PDI) to verify complete dissolution of PVA-printed vessel core in its lumen, confirming good fabrication quality. The flow velocities in VMP-I were estimated by uDoppler imaging with a -0.8% difference, and the shear wave propagation speeds for the same phantom were estimated by SWI with a -6.03% difference when compared with fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulation results. A wall-less VMP of a scaled and simplified coronary arterial network (VMP-II) was additionally fabricated and examined to test the capability of the proposed method for a complex lumen geometry. The proposed fabrication method for customized VMPs is foreseen to facilitate the development of ultrasound imaging techniques for blood vessels. | - |
dc.language | eng | - |
dc.publisher | Institute of Physics Publishing. The Journal's web site is located at http://www.iop.org/journals/pmb | - |
dc.relation.ispartof | Physics in Medicine and Biology | - |
dc.rights | Physics in Medicine and Biology. Copyright © Institute of Physics Publishing. | - |
dc.rights | This is an author-created, un-copyedited version of an article published in [Physics in Medicine and Biology]. IOP Publishing Ltd is not responsible for any errors or omissions in this version of the manuscript or any version derived from it. The Version of Record is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ab7abf | - |
dc.rights | This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. | - |
dc.subject | artery | - |
dc.subject | blood flow | - |
dc.subject | elasticity | - |
dc.subject | polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) | - |
dc.subject | ultrasound | - |
dc.title | Walled vessel-mimicking phantom for ultrasound imaging using 3D printing with a water-soluble filament: design principle, fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulation, and experimental validation | - |
dc.type | Article | - |
dc.identifier.email | Lee, W: wnlee@hku.hk | - |
dc.identifier.authority | Lee, W=rp01663 | - |
dc.description.nature | postprint | - |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.1088/1361-6560/ab7abf | - |
dc.identifier.scopus | eid_2-s2.0-85084462191 | - |
dc.identifier.hkuros | 309350 | - |
dc.identifier.volume | 65 | - |
dc.identifier.issue | 8 | - |
dc.identifier.spage | article no. 085006 | - |
dc.identifier.epage | article no. 085006 | - |
dc.identifier.isi | WOS:000530342800001 | - |
dc.publisher.place | United Kingdom | - |
dc.identifier.issnl | 0031-9155 | - |