Brief handgrip and isometric exercise intervention for smoking cessation: A pilot randomized trial

Abstract

Introduction: Isometric exercises reduce craving, negative affect, and withdrawal symptoms during smoking cessation. This randomized controlled trial (RCT) was the first to test if a brief intervention using a handgrip and isometric exercises including hand pushing/pulling was feasible and efficacious to increase tobacco abstinence at 6-month. Methods: This was a single-blinded, 2-arm pilot RCT in 6 community-based smoking cessation clinics in Hong Kong. Smokers who consumed 10 or more cigarettes a day and were receiving cessation services were randomized to the exercise group (n = 108) who received a free handgrip and a leaflet about handgrip exercise, and watched a 5-minute video, or to the healthy-diet group (n = 100) who receive a similar dosage of intervention on healthy diet. The primary outcome was self-reported abstinence in the previous 4 weeks at 6-month follow-up. Results: In the exercise group, about 36% reported doing the exercises when craving at 2-month follow-up. No significant difference in quit rate was found between groups (34% vs. 39%, OR = 0.80, P = .40). A posteriori analysis on the exercise group showed that self-reported exercises when craving (49% vs. 26%, OR = 2.69, 1.18–6.15, P = .02) and total adherence (including doing the exercises when craving, once a day, and/or for 2 weeks) (53% vs. 23%, OR = 3.70, 1.15–11.92, P = .03) were significantly associated with self-reported abstinence. Conclusions: The brief handgrip/isometric exercise intervention was feasible and achieved modest adherence without offering incentives or mandatory reminders. Preliminary evidence of benefits was observed in the intervention group if the exercises were done when craving. Implications; Our study indicates that a brief exercise intervention, including a free handgrip and educational video, was feasible for smokers receiving smoking cessation treatment. It was particularly efficacious in increasing tobacco abstinence when exercise adherence was high. Trial registration: ClinicalTrial.gov (NCT02844296).