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Article: Whale Shark Tourism: Impacts on Coral Reefs in the Philippines

TitleWhale Shark Tourism: Impacts on Coral Reefs in the Philippines
Authors
KeywordsTourism management
Whale shark tourism
Reef degradation
Coastal development
Eutrophication
Issue Date2019
PublisherSpringer New York LLC. The Journal's web site is located at http://www.springer.com/environment/environmental+management/journal/267
Citation
Environmental Management, 2019, v. 63 n. 2, p. 282-291 How to Cite?
AbstractReef-based tourism has been developing rapidly in recent decades yet its impacts on reef ecosystems are often overlooked. In Tan-awan, Oslob, Philippines, whale sharks are attracted to the shallow reefs where they are provisioned up to 50 tons y−1 of feed and this phenomenon in turn attracts >300,000 y−1 visitors. Given the intensive provisioning and concentrating tourism activities, we hypothesized that the whale shark tourism-impacted site (IS) will have greater impacts on reef degradation and higher anthropogenic nitrogen pollution level compared to its reference site (RS). Ecological surveys revealed that relative to the RS, the IS had 36% higher relative abundance of Pocillopora and Porites coral over other genera, >2.5-fold lower coral density, and 20% higher macroalgal cover, which we concluded are signs of reef degradation. Also, we conducted stable nitrogen isotope analysis on gorgonian skeletons to trace nitrogen sources at both sites through time. Although an average 1‰ isotope enrichment found in the IS relative to the RS could indicate anthropogenic nitrogen inputs in the IS, this enrichment was consistent over time and existed before the tourism developed. Despite that, we cautioned against the imminent threat of local eutrophication caused by the continued inputs of nitrogen derived from provisioning and tourism activities. In summary, this study provided the first documentation of the impacts of provisioned whale shark tourism on the local reefs in Tan-awan and established an ecological baseline for future comparisons. Such assessments can offer important information on reef health, coastal development, and tourism management.
Persistent Identifierhttp://hdl.handle.net/10722/274485
ISSN
2023 Impact Factor: 2.7
2023 SCImago Journal Rankings: 0.827
ISI Accession Number ID

 

DC FieldValueLanguage
dc.contributor.authorWONG, CWM-
dc.contributor.authorCONTI-JERPE, I-
dc.contributor.authorRaymundo, LJ-
dc.contributor.authorDingle, C-
dc.contributor.authorAraujo, G-
dc.contributor.authorPonzo, A-
dc.contributor.authorBaker, DM-
dc.date.accessioned2019-08-18T15:02:38Z-
dc.date.available2019-08-18T15:02:38Z-
dc.date.issued2019-
dc.identifier.citationEnvironmental Management, 2019, v. 63 n. 2, p. 282-291-
dc.identifier.issn0364-152X-
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10722/274485-
dc.description.abstractReef-based tourism has been developing rapidly in recent decades yet its impacts on reef ecosystems are often overlooked. In Tan-awan, Oslob, Philippines, whale sharks are attracted to the shallow reefs where they are provisioned up to 50 tons y−1 of feed and this phenomenon in turn attracts >300,000 y−1 visitors. Given the intensive provisioning and concentrating tourism activities, we hypothesized that the whale shark tourism-impacted site (IS) will have greater impacts on reef degradation and higher anthropogenic nitrogen pollution level compared to its reference site (RS). Ecological surveys revealed that relative to the RS, the IS had 36% higher relative abundance of Pocillopora and Porites coral over other genera, >2.5-fold lower coral density, and 20% higher macroalgal cover, which we concluded are signs of reef degradation. Also, we conducted stable nitrogen isotope analysis on gorgonian skeletons to trace nitrogen sources at both sites through time. Although an average 1‰ isotope enrichment found in the IS relative to the RS could indicate anthropogenic nitrogen inputs in the IS, this enrichment was consistent over time and existed before the tourism developed. Despite that, we cautioned against the imminent threat of local eutrophication caused by the continued inputs of nitrogen derived from provisioning and tourism activities. In summary, this study provided the first documentation of the impacts of provisioned whale shark tourism on the local reefs in Tan-awan and established an ecological baseline for future comparisons. Such assessments can offer important information on reef health, coastal development, and tourism management.-
dc.languageeng-
dc.publisherSpringer New York LLC. The Journal's web site is located at http://www.springer.com/environment/environmental+management/journal/267-
dc.relation.ispartofEnvironmental Management-
dc.rightsThis is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in [insert journal title]. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/[insert DOI]-
dc.subjectTourism management-
dc.subjectWhale shark tourism-
dc.subjectReef degradation-
dc.subjectCoastal development-
dc.subjectEutrophication-
dc.titleWhale Shark Tourism: Impacts on Coral Reefs in the Philippines-
dc.typeArticle-
dc.identifier.emailDingle, C: cdingle@hku.hk-
dc.identifier.emailBaker, DM: dmbaker@hku.hk-
dc.identifier.authorityDingle, C=rp01985-
dc.identifier.authorityBaker, DM=rp01712-
dc.description.naturelink_to_subscribed_fulltext-
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s00267-018-1125-3-
dc.identifier.pmid30515531-
dc.identifier.scopuseid_2-s2.0-85057979835-
dc.identifier.hkuros302345-
dc.identifier.volume63-
dc.identifier.issue2-
dc.identifier.spage282-
dc.identifier.epage291-
dc.identifier.isiWOS:000458423900010-
dc.publisher.placeUnited States-
dc.identifier.issnl0364-152X-

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