Evaluation of jawbone morphology and bone density indices in panoramic radiographs of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor users: a preliminary study

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To assess the influence of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) use on jawbone and bone mineral density by retrospective analysis of panoramic radiographs.

METHODS: Radiographic and clinical records were sourced from the Division of Orthodontics and TMJD, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester. Randomly selected adults (20–65 years) were categorized into: “Active” (with history of SSRI use of >6 months) and a “Control” group. Panoramic indices: Klemetti index (KI), panoramic mandibular index, antegonial notching index, condylar pathology, mandibular cortical width (MCW)⁠ and mean ramus height were recorded. Frequency-weighted Χ2 tests and multinomial regression controlling for age and gender were applied to categorical indices (KI, condylar pathology, antegonial notching index). Multivariate generalized linear modeling was applied to mean ramus height, MCW and panoramic mandibular index. Multiple regression analyses determined: (a) panoramic indices that best predicted SSRI use, and (b) independent predictors of KI category.

RESULTS: 64 SSRI users and 48 Controls were assessed. SSRI users had significantly higher odds of having worse KI status than normal [mildly to moderately eroded cortex: odds ratio (OR) = 2.926, 95% CI (1.07–8.04) and severely eroded cortex: OR = 19.86, 95% CI (3.91–100.69)], more frequent flat condylar anatomy (right side: p = 0.009, left side: p < 0.001) but greater ramus height (p = 0.001) and mandibular cortical width (p = 0.032). Age, gender, SSRI use each significantly impacted KI. Only SSRI use significantly impacted condylar pathology, ramus height and MCW. KI category (OR = 1.3) was the best panoramic predictor of SSRI use. Conversely, KI category C3 was significantly predicted by SSRI use (OR = 31.2, p = 0.002), female gender (17.5, p = 0.006), and severe antegonial notching (OR = 1289, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS: SRRI use was significantly associated with worse panoramic morphometric indices: KI, condylar pathology, ramus height, and MCW, where KI was its strongest predictor. Worse KI was independently predicted by SSRI use.