A novel nuclear factor-κB gene signature is differentially expressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas in association with TP53 status

Abstract

Purpose: To determine if gene signatures differentially expressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are related to alterations in transcription factors nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and TP53 previously associated with decreased cell death, response to therapy, and worse prognosis. Experimental Design: Unique gene signatures expressed by HNSCC lines were identified by cDNA microarray, principal components, and cluster analyses and validated by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization. Bioinformatic analysis of the promoters and ontogeny of these clustered genes was done. Expression of proteins encoded by genes of a putative NF-κB signature, NF-κB p65, and TP53 were examined in HNSCC tissue specimens by immunostaining. Predicted promoter binding and modulation of expression of candidate NF-κB genes and cell survival were evaluated by p65 chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown. Results: Two groups of HNSCC exhibiting distinct gene signatures were identified: cluster A enriched for histone genes, with a higher prevalence of TP53 promoter binding motifs; and cluster B enriched for injury response genes with NF-κB regulatory motifs. Coexpression of cluster B proteins was observed with strong NF-κB phospho-p65 and weak TP53 staining, and NF-κB phospho-p65 was inversely associated with TP53 (P = 0.02). Promoter binding of the NF-κB signature genes was confirmed by p65 ChIP, and down-modulation of their expression and cell death were induced by p65 siRNA. Conclusion: NF-κB promotes expression of a novel NF-κB-related gene signature and cell survival in HNSCC that weakly express TP53, a subset previously associated with inactivated wild-type TP53, greater resistance to chemoradiotherapy, and worse prognosis.