Environmental and genetic factors during childhood as risks for skin melanoma : a systematic review

Abstract

Skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in many parts of the world. Melanoma, the most dangerous subtype, accounts for roughly 5% of all cases and more than 75% of deaths. Skin cancer is one of the most severe health effects caused by the thinning of the ozone layer, which has allowed for higher levels of ultraviolet radiation to enter through the atmosphere and reach the Earth’s surface. Children, who are in a dynamic state of growth and have natural defense mechanisms that are yet to be fully developed, are much more susceptible to environmental threats compared to adults. The objective of this systematic review is to investigate the environmental and genetic factors during childhood that influence the risk of developing melanoma later in life. Using relevant keywords, a total of 154 articles published between 1990 and 2015 were identified from PubMed and Medline via EBSCO host. Using the inclusion and exclusion criteria led to a final total of 6 articles selected for this review. Results from the findings showed melanoma risk was strongly associated with childhood sun exposure, inadequate sun-protection behaviors, possessing light phenotypic characteristics, and having a family history of melanoma. Therefore, improved primary prevention and education regarding skin cancer prevention is critical.