Levator palpebrae superioris: an anatomical update

Abstract

The levator palpebrae superioris (LPS) muscle is the main retractor of the upper eyelid, responsible for elevating the upper eyelid and maintaining it in an open position. Sound knowledge of its anatomy and adjacent structures is essential for eyelid surgery. Work from researchers and anatomists over the years continue to enrich our understanding in the anatomy of the LPS. In this review, we present an update on the anatomy of the LPS and its surgical implications. Important adnexa such as Whitnall's ligament, intermuscular-transverse ligament and Müller's muscle are also covered.