Effects of dietary thyroid hormones on growth, plasma T3 and T4, and growth hormone in normal and hypothyroid chickens

Abstract

Cockerels and pullets fed with T3 or T4 for 2 weeks showed a decrease in both body weight gain and feed efficiency. The reduction in body weight gain and feed efficiency was dose related in cockerels where T3 or T4 were fed at 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 ppm levels. T3 and T4 at 0.1 and 1.0 ppm had no significant effects on growth or feed efficiency in pullets, but the 10.0-ppm level of T3 and T4 caused a reduction of -55.24 and -28.18%, respectively, in body weight gain as compared with control birds. T3 was more active than T4 in reducing growth and was toxic when fed at 10.0 ppm both in cockerels and pullets. Both propylthiouracil (PTU)- and methimazole-treated cockerels showed a decrease in rates of gain. T3 and T4 at a dietary level of 0.1 ppm were equipotent in promoting growth in these PTU- and methimazole-treated cockerels, but 10.0 ppm caused a further reduction in body weight gain. Plasma T3 levels were found to be significantly higher in birds that were fed either T3 or T4. Plasma T4 levels were higher in T4-fed birds, but significantly lower in T3-fed birds as compared with controls. Both PTU- and methimazole-treated cockerels had significantly lower plasma T3 and T4 concentrations, but elevated plasma GH concentrations. Dietary T3 and T4 at 1.0 and 10.0 ppm, significantly lowered plasma GH concentrations. In summary, these results indicated that T3 was more active than T4 in reducing body weight gain in intact normal birds, but that they were equally potent in promoting growth in PTU- and methimazole-treated hypothyroid birds. Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) are also more active in decreasing growth in intact cockerels than in pullets. It appears that there is some peripheral conversion from T4 and T3 has a negative feedback on plasma T4 concentrations. Since PTU-treated birds show elevated plasma GH concentrations, the decrease in body weight gain is probably due to the lowering of thyroid hormones rather than to an effect on pituitary GH release.