Clinical phenotype of triplicated alpha-globin genes and heterozygosity for beta0-thalassemia in Chinese subjects.

Abstract

The presence of extra copies of alpha-globin gene has been shown to worsen the degree of anemia in beta-thalassemia heterozygotes. We describe the clinical phenotype of eight Chinese subjects with heterozygosity for both triplicated alpha-globin gene and a beta0-thalassemia allele. They were identified through genotyping of beta-thalassemia intermedia and major patients, and through community-based thalassemia screening program in Hong Kong. Standard molecular techniques were used in the determination of genotype. All subjects in this series showed five copies of alpha-globin genes (alphaalphaalpha/alphaalpha) in association with a beta0-thalassemia allele. Although genotypically identical, six subjects showed a beta-thalassemia intermedia phenotype while two were clinically indistinguishable from beta-thalassemia minor, implying the presence of genetic modifying factors that remained undefined. Triplication of alpha-globin gene and heterozygosity for beta0-thalassemia accounted for 15% of beta-thalassemia intermedia patients at our locality and was associated with a mild clinical phenotype. This genotype was not found among beta-thalassemia major patients. They presented in adulthood and were usually not transfusion dependent. When compared with simple beta-thalassemia heterozygotes, they showed obvious red cell abnormalities (hypochromasia, anisopoikilocytosis, circulating normoblasts), lower hemoglobin (Hb) and higher HbF levels. The presence of triplicated alpha-globin genes should always be considered in apparent beta-thalassemia carriers who were more symptomatic than expected, so that unnecessary investigations for the cause of anemia could be avoided. Finally, triplication of alpha-globin genes should be looked for in families with children affected by beta-thalassemia intermedia in which only one parent showed a picture of beta-thalassemia on Hb analysis.