Article: Modulation of steroidogenesis by coastal waters and sewage effluents of Hong Kong, China, using the H295R assay

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Publisher Website: 10.1007/s11356-008-0011-6
Scopus: eid_2-s2.0-45849087643
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Title	Modulation of steroidogenesis by coastal waters and sewage effluents of Hong Kong, China, using the H295R assay
Authors	Gracia, T4 Jones, PD4 Higley, EB4 Hilscherova, K2 Newsted, JL5 Murphy, MB6 Chan, AKY6 Zhang, X4 6 Hecker, M1 5 Lam, PKS6 Wu, RSS6 Giesy, JP1 3 4 6
Keywords	Aquatic environment China Coastal waters Endocrine disruptors Environmental samples H295R cell bioassay Hong Kong Hormones Influents Marine waters Sewage effluents Sex steroid hormones Steroidogenesis Wastewater treatment plants
Issue Date	2008
Publisher	Springer. The Journal's web site is located at http://www.springer.com/environment/journal/11356
Citation	Environmental Science And Pollution Research, 2008, v. 15 n. 4, p. 332-343 [How to Cite?] DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-008-0011-6
Abstract	Background, aim, and scope: The presence of a variety of pollutants in the aquatic environment that can potentially interfere with the production of sex steroid hormones in wildlife and humans has been of increasing concern. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of extracts from Hong Kong marine waters, and influents and effluents from wastewater treatment plants on steroidogenesis using the H295R cell bioassay. After exposing H295R cells to extracts of water, the expression of four steroidogenic genes and the production of three steroid hormones were measured. Materials and methods: Water samples were collected during the summer of 2005 from 24 coastal marine areas and from the influents and effluents of two major waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) in Hong Kong, China. Samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE). H295R cells were exposed for 48 h to dilutions of these extracts. Modulations of the expression of the steroidogenic genes CYP19, CYP17, 3βHSD2, and CYP11β2 were determined by measuring mRNA concentrations by real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR). Production of the hormones progesterone (P), estradiol (E2), and testosterone (T) was quantified using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results: Extracts from samples collected in two fish culture areas inhibited growth and proliferation of H295R cells at concentrations greater or equal to 105 L equivalents. The cells were exposed to the equivalent concentration of active substances in 10,000 L of water. Thus, to observe the same level of effect as observed in vitro on aquatic organisms would require a bioaccumulation factor of this same magnitude. None of the other 22 marine samples affected growth of the cells at any dilution tested. Twelve of the marine water samples completely inhibited the expression of CYP19 without affecting E2 production; inhibition of CYP17 expression was observed only in one of the samples while expression of CYP11β2 was induced as much as five- and ninefold after exposure of cells to extracts from two locations. The expression of the progesterone gene 3βHSD2 was not affected by any of the samples; only one sample induced approximately fourfold the production of E2. Although more than twofold inductions were observed for P and T production, none of these values were statistically significant to conclude effects on the production of these two hormones. While influents from WWTPs did not affect gene expression, an approximately 30% inhibition in the production of E2 and a 40% increase in P occurred for the exposure with influents from the Sha Tin and Stonecutters WWTPs, respectively. Effluents from WWTPs did not affect the production of any of the studied hormones, but a decrement in the expression of the aldosterone gene CYP11β2 was observed for the Sha Tin WWTP exposure. No direct correlation could be established between gene expression and hormone production. Discussion: Observed cytotoxicity in the two samples from fish culture areas suggest the presence of toxic compounds; chemical analysis is required for their full identification. Although effluents from WWTPs did not affect hormone production, other types of endocrine activity such as receptor-mediated effects cannot be ruled out. Interactions due to the complexity of the samples and alternative steroidogenic pathways might explain the lack of correlation between gene expression and hormone production results. Conclusions: Changes observed in gene expression and hormone production suggest the presence in Hong Kong coastal waters of pollutants with endocrine disruption potential and others of significant toxic effects. The aromatase and aldosterone genes seem to be the most affected by the exposures, while E2 and P are the hormones with more significant changes observed. Results also suggest effectiveness in the removing of compounds with endocrine activity by the WWTPs studied, as effluent samples did not significantly affect hormone production. The H295R cell showed to be a valuable toll in the battery required for the analysis of endocrine disrupting activities of complex environmental samples. Recommendations and perspectives: Due to the intrinsic complexity of environmental samples, a combination of analytical tools is required to realistically assess environmental conditions, especially in aquatic systems. In the evaluation of endocrine disrupting activities, the H295R cell bioassay should be used in combination with other genomic, biological, chemical, and hydrological tests to establish viable modes for endocrine disruption and identify compounds responsible for the observed effects. © 2008 Springer-Verlag.
ISSN	0944-1344 2011 Impact Factor: 2.651 2011 SCImago Journal Rankings: 0.092
DOI	http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-008-0011-6
ISI Accession Number ID	WOS:000256910500008
References	References in Scopus

DC Field	Value
dc.contributor.author	Gracia, T
dc.contributor.author	Jones, PD
dc.contributor.author	Higley, EB
dc.contributor.author	Hilscherova, K
dc.contributor.author	Newsted, JL
dc.contributor.author	Murphy, MB
dc.contributor.author	Chan, AKY
dc.contributor.author	Zhang, X
dc.contributor.author	Hecker, M
dc.contributor.author	Lam, PKS
dc.contributor.author	Wu, RSS
dc.contributor.author	Giesy, JP
dc.date.accessioned	2010-09-17T10:57:05Z
dc.date.available	2010-09-17T10:57:05Z
dc.date.issued	2008
dc.description.abstract	Background, aim, and scope: The presence of a variety of pollutants in the aquatic environment that can potentially interfere with the production of sex steroid hormones in wildlife and humans has been of increasing concern. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of extracts from Hong Kong marine waters, and influents and effluents from wastewater treatment plants on steroidogenesis using the H295R cell bioassay. After exposing H295R cells to extracts of water, the expression of four steroidogenic genes and the production of three steroid hormones were measured. Materials and methods: Water samples were collected during the summer of 2005 from 24 coastal marine areas and from the influents and effluents of two major waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) in Hong Kong, China. Samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE). H295R cells were exposed for 48 h to dilutions of these extracts. Modulations of the expression of the steroidogenic genes CYP19, CYP17, 3βHSD2, and CYP11β2 were determined by measuring mRNA concentrations by real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR). Production of the hormones progesterone (P), estradiol (E2), and testosterone (T) was quantified using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results: Extracts from samples collected in two fish culture areas inhibited growth and proliferation of H295R cells at concentrations greater or equal to 105 L equivalents. The cells were exposed to the equivalent concentration of active substances in 10,000 L of water. Thus, to observe the same level of effect as observed in vitro on aquatic organisms would require a bioaccumulation factor of this same magnitude. None of the other 22 marine samples affected growth of the cells at any dilution tested. Twelve of the marine water samples completely inhibited the expression of CYP19 without affecting E2 production; inhibition of CYP17 expression was observed only in one of the samples while expression of CYP11β2 was induced as much as five- and ninefold after exposure of cells to extracts from two locations. The expression of the progesterone gene 3βHSD2 was not affected by any of the samples; only one sample induced approximately fourfold the production of E2. Although more than twofold inductions were observed for P and T production, none of these values were statistically significant to conclude effects on the production of these two hormones. While influents from WWTPs did not affect gene expression, an approximately 30% inhibition in the production of E2 and a 40% increase in P occurred for the exposure with influents from the Sha Tin and Stonecutters WWTPs, respectively. Effluents from WWTPs did not affect the production of any of the studied hormones, but a decrement in the expression of the aldosterone gene CYP11β2 was observed for the Sha Tin WWTP exposure. No direct correlation could be established between gene expression and hormone production. Discussion: Observed cytotoxicity in the two samples from fish culture areas suggest the presence of toxic compounds; chemical analysis is required for their full identification. Although effluents from WWTPs did not affect hormone production, other types of endocrine activity such as receptor-mediated effects cannot be ruled out. Interactions due to the complexity of the samples and alternative steroidogenic pathways might explain the lack of correlation between gene expression and hormone production results. Conclusions: Changes observed in gene expression and hormone production suggest the presence in Hong Kong coastal waters of pollutants with endocrine disruption potential and others of significant toxic effects. The aromatase and aldosterone genes seem to be the most affected by the exposures, while E2 and P are the hormones with more significant changes observed. Results also suggest effectiveness in the removing of compounds with endocrine activity by the WWTPs studied, as effluent samples did not significantly affect hormone production. The H295R cell showed to be a valuable toll in the battery required for the analysis of endocrine disrupting activities of complex environmental samples. Recommendations and perspectives: Due to the intrinsic complexity of environmental samples, a combination of analytical tools is required to realistically assess environmental conditions, especially in aquatic systems. In the evaluation of endocrine disrupting activities, the H295R cell bioassay should be used in combination with other genomic, biological, chemical, and hydrological tests to establish viable modes for endocrine disruption and identify compounds responsible for the observed effects. © 2008 Springer-Verlag.
dc.description.nature	Link_to_subscribed_fulltext
dc.identifier.citation	Environmental Science And Pollution Research, 2008, v. 15 n. 4, p. 332-343 [How to Cite?] DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-008-0011-6
dc.identifier.doi	http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-008-0011-6
dc.identifier.epage	343
dc.identifier.isi	WOS:000256910500008
dc.identifier.issn	0944-1344 2011 Impact Factor: 2.651 2011 SCImago Journal Rankings: 0.092
dc.identifier.issue	4
dc.identifier.pmid	18493807
dc.identifier.scopus	eid_2-s2.0-45849087643
dc.identifier.spage	332
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10722/92785
dc.identifier.volume	15
dc.language	eng
dc.publisher	Springer. The Journal's web site is located at http://www.springer.com/environment/journal/11356
dc.publisher.place	Germany
dc.relation.ispartof	Environmental Science and Pollution Research
dc.relation.references	References in Scopus
dc.subject	Aquatic environment
dc.subject	China
dc.subject	Coastal waters
dc.subject	Endocrine disruptors
dc.subject	Environmental samples
dc.subject	H295R cell bioassay
dc.subject	Hong Kong
dc.subject	Hormones
dc.subject	Influents
dc.subject	Marine waters
dc.subject	Sewage effluents
dc.subject	Sex steroid hormones
dc.subject	Steroidogenesis
dc.subject	Wastewater treatment plants
dc.title	Modulation of steroidogenesis by coastal waters and sewage effluents of Hong Kong, China, using the H295R assay
dc.type	Article

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of extracts from Hong Kong marine waters, and influents and effluents from wastewater treatment plants on steroidogenesis using the H295R cell bioassay. After exposing H295R cells to extracts of water, the expression of four steroidogenic genes and the production of three steroid hormones were measured. Materials and methods: Water samples were collected during the summer of 2005 from 24 coastal marine areas and from the influents and effluents of two major waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) in Hong Kong, China. Samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE). H295R cells were exposed for 48 h to dilutions of these extracts. Modulations of the expression of the steroidogenic genes CYP19, CYP17, 3&#946;HSD2, and CYP11&#946;2 were determined by measuring mRNA concentrations by real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR). Production of the hormones progesterone (P), estradiol (E2), and testosterone (T) was quantified using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results: Extracts from samples collected in two fish culture areas inhibited growth and proliferation of H295R cells at concentrations greater or equal to 105 L equivalents. The cells were exposed to the equivalent concentration of active substances in 10,000 L of water. Thus, to observe the same level of effect as observed in vitro on aquatic organisms would require a bioaccumulation factor of this same magnitude. None of the other 22 marine samples affected growth of the cells at any dilution tested. Twelve of the marine water samples completely inhibited the expression of CYP19 without affecting E2 production; inhibition of CYP17 expression was observed only in one of the samples while expression of CYP11&#946;2 was induced as much as five- and ninefold after exposure of cells to extracts from two locations. The expression of the progesterone gene 3&#946;HSD2 was not affected by any of the samples; only one sample induced approximately fourfold the production of E2. Although more than twofold inductions were observed for P and T production, none of these values were statistically significant to conclude effects on the production of these two hormones. While influents from WWTPs did not affect gene expression, an approximately 30% inhibition in the production of E2 and a 40% increase in P occurred for the exposure with influents from the Sha Tin and Stonecutters WWTPs, respectively. Effluents from WWTPs did not affect the production of any of the studied hormones, but a decrement in the expression of the aldosterone gene CYP11&#946;2 was observed for the Sha Tin WWTP exposure. No direct correlation could be established between gene expression and hormone production. Discussion: Observed cytotoxicity in the two samples from fish culture areas suggest the presence of toxic compounds; chemical analysis is required for their full identification. Although effluents from WWTPs did not affect hormone production, other types of endocrine activity such as receptor-mediated effects cannot be ruled out. Interactions due to the complexity of the samples and alternative steroidogenic pathways might explain the lack of correlation between gene expression and hormone production results. Conclusions: Changes observed in gene expression and hormone production suggest the presence in Hong Kong coastal waters of pollutants with endocrine disruption potential and others of significant toxic effects. The aromatase and aldosterone genes seem to be the most affected by the exposures, while E2 and P are the hormones with more significant changes observed. Results also suggest effectiveness in the removing of compounds with endocrine activity by the WWTPs studied, as effluent samples did not significantly affect hormone production. The H295R cell showed to be a valuable toll in the battery required for the analysis of endocrine disrupting activities of complex environmental samples. Recommendations and perspectives: Due to the intrinsic complexity of environmental samples, a combination of analytical tools is required to realistically assess environmental conditions, especially in aquatic systems. In the evaluation of endocrine disrupting activities, the H295R cell bioassay should be used in combination with other genomic, biological, chemical, and hydrological tests to establish viable modes for endocrine disruption and identify compounds responsible for the observed effects. &#169; 2008 Springer-Verlag.</description.abstract><language>eng</language><publisher>Springer. 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Author Affiliations

University of Saskatchewan
Masarykova Univerzita
Nanjing University
Michigan State University
ENTRIX Inc.
City University of Hong Kong

Article: Modulation of steroidogenesis by coastal waters and sewage effluents of Hong Kong, China, using the H295R assay

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