Robot-assisted real-time sentinel lymph node mapping in oral cavity cancer: preliminary experience

Abstract

This study aims to assess the feasibility of using indocyanine green and robotic near infra-red fluorescent imaging (Firefly®) for sentinel lymph node biopsy in cN0 oral cavity cancer. Ten patients with early squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (n = 8) and buccal mucosa (n = 2) were included. Peritumoral injection of 10 mg indocyanine green and real-time mapping of sentinel lymph nodes in the neck was performed using Firefly® via a retro-auricular trans-hairline incision. Sentinel lymph node was detected in all patients at 1.2 sentinel lymph node per person. Majority were situated in level II (91.7%). Mean time to detection of sentinel lymph node was 171.0 (68.0–312.0)s. Mean signal-to-background ratio was 5.62 (3.51–7.91). Frozen section of one sentinel lymph node was positive for malignancy, paraffin section of which confirmed the presence of metastatic disease. Modified radical neck dissection was performed for that particular patient, paraffin section of which did not show any tumor deposit. Frozen section and paraffin section of all other sentinel lymph nodes (n = 11) and neck dissection specimens yielded no malignancy. All resection margins were clear. Three patients completed adjuvant radiotherapy for pT2N0 (n = 2) and pT2N1 (n = 1) carcinoma of the tongue. Mean follow-up was 12.0 (4.0–18.0) months. All patients were alive at last follow-up with no disease recurrence. There were no adverse outcomes associated with the use of indocyanine green and robot-assisted neck dissection. Indocyanine green and Firefly® for sentinel lymph node biopsy in cN0 oral cavity cancer is feasible with no adverse effects.