Endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis | Dysfonctionnement endothelial et atherosclerose

Abstract

Mammalian endothelium acts as a mediator in arterial and venous relaxation and contraction. Endothelium-dependant relaxation is due to endothelial release of powerful, non-prostanoid vasodilatory substances. The best known of these is the endothelial factor EDRF identified as nitrous oxide (NO). It is the end result of the metabolism of L-arginine by the NO synthetase of endothelial cells. In arterial smooth muscle, the relaxation induced by EDRF is explained by NO stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase, leading to accumulation of GMPc (cyclic guanosine monophosphate). In some animal vessels and in human coronary arteries, endothelial cells release a substance which induces hyperpolarisation of the cell membrane (endothelial derived hyperpolarising factor, EDHF). Release of EDRF by the cell membrane may be mediated by G proteins sensitive to pertussis toxin (activation of the α2 adrenoreceptor, serotonin, platelet aggregation leukotrienes) or non- sensitive G proteins (adenosine-diphosphate (ADP), bradykinin). In animal blood vessels where the endothelium is regenerated and reperfused, and/or atherosclerotic, a selective loss of the mechanism of EDRF release is observed, sensitive to pertussis toxin, which favorises vasospasm, thrombosis and cellular proliferation. The available data on isolated or in situ human blood vessels concord with studies on isolated animal tissues. In addition to the relaxation factors, endothelial cells can also secreate contracting factors (endothelium derived contracting factors: EDCF): these include superoxide anions, endoparoxides, thromboxane A2 and endothelin. Animal studies indicate that the tendency to release EDCF is maintained or even increased in damaged vessels. The change from normally dominant EDRF release to EDCF release could play an important role in atherosclerosis.