Article: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

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Title	Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
Authors	Klionsky, DJ Abdalla, FC Abeliovich, H472 Abraham, RT AcevedoArozena, A406 Adeli, K Agholme, L40 Agnello, M201 Agostinis, P AguirreGhiso, JA344 Ahn, HJ100 BrunettiPierri, N470 Shi, Y Shibuya, K454 Shidoji, Y175 Shieh, JJ Shih, CM Shimada, Y Shimizu, S Shintani, T340 Shirihai, OS232 Shore, GC Brunk, UT40 Sibirny, AA346 383 Sidhu, SB185 Sikorska, B473 SilvaZacarin, ECM Simmons, A Simon, AK350 Simon, HU492 Simone, C8 112 Simonsen, A456 Sinclair, DA151 Bulman, DE484 Singh, R63 Sinha, D Sinicrope, FA246 Sirko, A Siu, PM408 Sivridis, E49 Skop, V204 Skulachev, VP Slack, RS Smaili, SS328 Bultman, SJ Smith, DR Soengas, MS Soldati, T433 Song, X Sood, AK393 Soong, TW483 Sotgia, F Spector, SA226 396 Spies, CD444 Springer, W259 Bultynck, G Srinivasula, SM173 Stefanis, L14 Steffan, JS461 Stendel, R444 Stenmark, H456 Stephanou, A34 Stern, ST481 Sternberg, C87 Stork, B Strålfors, P40 Burbulla, LF386 Subauste, CS442 Sui, X195 Sulzer, D369 Sun, J294 Sun, SY415 Sun, ZJ230 Sung, JJY Suzuki, K495 Suzuki, T285 Swanson, MS Bursch, W421 Swanton, C440 Sweeney, ST489 Sy, LK192 Szabadkai, G34 Tabas, I188 Taegtmeyer, H118 Tafani, M TakácsVellai, K378 Takano, Y402 Takegawa, K171 Butchar, JP168 Takemura, G390 Takeshita, F280 Talbot, NJ Tan, KSW483 Tanaka, K447 Tanaka, K340 Tang, D Tang, D352 Tanida, I95 Tannous, BA11 Buzgariu, W433 Tavernarakis, N Taylor, GS364 Taylor, GA88 335 Taylor, JP464 Terada, AS6 Terman, A84 Tettamanti, G140 Thevissen, K Thompson, CB178 Thorburn, A181 Bydlowski, SP Thumm, M272 Tian, F13 Tian, Y417 TocchiniValentini, G Tolkovsky, AM435 Tomino, Y462 Tönges, L272 Tooze, SA440 Tournier, C191 Tower, J238 AitMohamed, O222 Cadwell, K27 Towns, R240 Trajkovic, V377 Travassos, LH Tsai, TF446 Tschan, MP492 Tsubata, T Tsung, A298 Turk, B89 Turner, LS160 Tyagi, SC220 Cahová, M180 Uchiyama, Y258 Ueno, T258 Umekawa, M UmemiyaShirafuji, R206 Unni, VK Vaccaro, MI Valente, EM82 166 Van Den Berghe, G Van Der Klei, IJ311 Van Doorn, WG75 Cai, D63 Van Dyk, LF181 Van Egmond, M227 Van Grunsven, LA443 Vandenabeele, P197 Vandenberghe, WP Vanhorebeek, I Vaquero, EC68 Velasco, G169 Vellai, T378 Vicencio, JM34 Cai, J Vierstra, RD273 Vila, M30 282 Vindis, C351 498 Viola, G39 Viscomi, MT Voitsekhovskaja, OV134 Von Haefen, C444 Votruba, M372 Wada, K164 WadeMartins, R Cai, Q69 Walker, CL315 Walsh, CM461 Walter, J46 Wan, XB326 Wang, A Wang, C Wang, D98 Wang, F88 Wang, F265 Wang, G423 Calabretta, B Wang, H453 Wang, HG29 116 Wang, HD380 Wang, J67 Wang, K Wang, M52 Wang, RC6 Wang, X442 Wang, X343 Wang, YJ427 CalvoGarrido, J3 Wang, Y440 Wang, Z373 Wang, ZC151 Wang, Z312 Wansink, DG241 Ward, DM448 Watada, H258 Waters, SL44 Webster, P Wei, L Camougrand, N76 Weihl, CC93 Weiss, WA31 Welford, SM442 Wen, LP254 Whitehouse, CA44 Whitton, JL264 Whitworth, AJ198 Wileman, T338 Wiley, JW240 Wilkinson, S Campanella, M161 172 Willbold, D7 Williams, RL394 Williamson, PR407 Wouters, BG475 Wu, C213 Wu, DC Wu, WKK Wyttenbach, A149 Xavier, RJ11 Xi, Z CamposSalinas, J Xia, P185 Xiao, G352 Xie, Z292 Xie, Z Xu, DZ326 Xu, J47 Xu, L35 Xu, X125 Yamamoto, A369 Yamamoto, A AitSiAli, S222 Candi, E182 Yamashina, S258 Yamashita, M53 Yan, X496 Yanagida, M202 Yang, DS27 Yang, E38 Yang, JM29 116 Yang, SY34 Yang, W332 Yang, WY154 Cao, L Yang, Z70 Yao, MC154 Yao, TP88 Yeganeh, B170 Yen, WL Yin, JJ98 Yin, XM117 Yoo, OJ Yoon, G Yoon, SY322 Caplan, AB469 Yorimitsu, T495 Yoshikawa, Y60 Yoshimori, T441 Yoshimoto, K109 268 You, HJ493 Youle, RJ249 Younes, A393 Yu, L Yu, L413 Yu, SW Carding, SR338 Yu, WH369 Yuan, ZM214 Yue, Z288 Yun, CH391 Yuzaki, M303 Zabirnyk, O135 SilvaZacarin, E David Zacks, E240 Zacksenhaus, L21 Zaffaroni, N368 Cardoso, SM101 Zakeri, Z236 Zeh III, HJ345 Zeitlin, SO155 Zhang, H Zhang, HL423 Zhang, J252 Zhang, JP373 Zhang, L382 Zhang, L Zhang, MY352 Carew, JS214 Zhang, XD Zhao, M Zhao, YF230 Zhao, Y115 Zhao, ZJ Zheng, X195 Zhivotovsky, B341 Zhong, Q320 Zhou, CZ254 Zhu, C Carlin, CR442 Zhu, WG115 Zhu, XF326 Zhu, X442 Zhu, Y352 Zoladek, T Zong, WX Zorzano, A490 Zschocke, J348 Zuckerbraun, B298 Carmignac, V479 Carneiro, LAM Carra, S113 225 Akematsu, T66 Caruso, RA82 Casari, G28 Casas, C30 Castino, R78 Cebollero, E437 Cecconi, F182 Celli, J153 Chaachouay, H386 Chae, HJ123 Chai, CY318 Akira, S244 Chan, DC321 Chan, EY422 Chang, RCC51 Che, CM192 Chen, CC159 Chen, GC154 Chen, GQ Chen, M67 Chen, Q292 352 Chen, SSL154 AlYounes, HM Chen, W130 Chen, X195 Chen, X Chen, X374 Chen, YG Chen, Y Chen, Y240 Chen, YJ174 Chen, Z Cheng, A337 AlZeer, MA Cheng, CHK Cheng, Y29 116 Cheong, H178 Cheong, JH270 Cherry, S305 ChessWilliams, R319 Cheung, ZH51 Chevet, E76 Chiang, HL116 Chiarelli, R201 Albert, ML351 Chiba, T108 Chin, LS415 Chiou, SH446 Chisari, FV264 Cho, CH Cho, DH331 Choi, AMK151 Choi, D97 Choi, KS Choi, ME151 Albin, RL144 Chouaib, S351 Choubey, D83 Choubey, V276 Chu, CT382 Chuang, TH466 Chueh, SH424 Chun, T381 Chwae, YJ Chye, ML192 Ciarcia, R359 AlegreAbarrategui, J Ciriolo, MR182 480 Clague, MJ90 Clark, RSB58 Clarke, PGH Clarke, R405 Codogno, P351 Coller, HA Colombo, MI105 Comincini, S431 Condello, M Aleo, MF85 Condorelli, F78 Cookson, MR Coombs, GH422 Coppens, I25 Corbalan, R205 Cossart, P50 228 Costelli, P306 Costes, S211 CotoMontes, A Couve, E15 Alirezaei, M264 Coxon, FP96 Cregg, JM299 Crespo, JL Cronjé, MJ459 Cuervo, AM63 Cullen, JJ163 Czaja, MJ63 D'Amelio, M DarfeuilleMichaud, A379 Davids, LM Almasan, A Davies, FE De Felici, M182 De Groot, JF94 De Haan, CAM437 De Martino, L359 De Milito, A341 De Tata, V Debnath, J31 Degterev, A232 Dehay, B304 AlmonteBecerril, M177 Delbridge, LMD Demarchi, F209 Deng, YZ483 Dengjel, J203 Dent, P269 Denton, D295 Deretic, V Desai, SD327 Devenish, RJ263 Di Gioacchino, M289 Amano, A244 Di Paolo, G369 Di Pietro, C DíazAraya, G DíazLaviada, I DiazMeco, MT70 DiazNido, J3 Dikic, I128 260 DineshKumar, SP75 Ding, WX Distelhorst, CW442 Amaravadi, R305 Diwan, A93 DjavaheriMergny, M76 Dokudovskaya, S275 Dong, Z335 Dorsey, FC Dosenko, V400 Dowling, JJ240 Doxsey, S Dreux, M215 Drew, ME168 Amarnath, S10 Duan, Q375 Duchosal, MA385 Duff, K369 Dugail, I137 351 Durbeej, M479 Duszenko, M386 Edelstein, CL219 Edinger, AL461 Egea, G490 Eichinger, L494 Amer, AO168 Eissa, NT67 Ekmekcioglu, S94 ElDeiry, WS29 217 Elazar, Z325 Elgendy, M477 Ellerby, LM467 Er Eng, K341 Engelbrecht, AM428 Engelender, S Erenpreisa, J336 AndrieuAbadie, N498 Escalante, R3 Esclatine, A275 Eskelinen, EL131 Espert, L262 Espina, V216 Fan, H485 Fan, J413 Fan, QW31 Fan, Z393 Fang, S Anantharam, V86 Fang, Y Fanto, M44 Fanzani, A85 Farkas, T32 Farré, JC396 Faure, M148 Fechheimer, M106 Feng, CG407 Feng, J176 Feng, Q130 Ann, DK291 Feng, Y194 Fésüs, L Feuer, R165 FigueiredoPereira, ME361 Fimia, GM313 Fingar, DC240 Finkbeiner, S31 Finkel, T221 Finley, KD165 Fiorito, F359 AnoopkumarDukie, S412 Fisher, EA27 Fisher, PB269 Flajolet, M417 FlorezMcClure, ML186 Florio, S359 Fon, EA Fornai, F5 376 Fortunato, F Fotedar, R70 Fowler, DH10 Aoki, H468 Fox, HS301 Franco, R147 Frankel, LB103 Fransen, M Fuentes, JM193 Fueyo, J94 Fujii, J171 Fujisaki, K206 Fujita, 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Halayko, AJ170 Hale, AN121 Halonen, SK287 Hamasaki, M441 Han, F195 Han, T240 Askew, DS403 Hancock, MK256 Hansen, M70 Harada, H357 Harada, M Hardt, SE284 Harper, JW151 Harris, AL471 Harris, J9 Harris, SD147 Hashimoto, M447 Auberger, P255 Haspel, JA151 335 Hayashi, SI145 390 Hazelhurst, LA411 He, C6 He, YW88 Hébert, MJ61 Heidenreich, KA181 Helfrich, MH96 Helgason, GV207 Henske, EP151 Baba, M Herman, B214 Herman, PK168 Hetz, C Hilfiker, S Hill, JA436 Hocking, LJ96 Hofman, P255 Hofmann, TG Höhfeld, J46 Holyoake, TL207 Backues, SK Hong, MH326 Hood, DA66 Hotamisligil, GS189 Houwerzijl, EJ225 HøyerHansen, M124 Hu, B79 Hu, CAA409 Hu, HM307 Hua, Y Huang, C Baehrecke, EH Huang, J Huang, S246 Huang, WP159 Huber, TB Huh, WK391 Hung, TH Hupp, TR Hur, GM419 Hurley, JB62 Hussain, SNA Bahr, BA Hussey, PJ18 Hwang, JJ322 Hwang, S93 Ichihara, A24 Ilkhanizadeh, S31 Inoki, K240 Into, T310 Iovane, V359 Iovanna, JL404 Ip, NY487 Bai, XY Isaka, Y441 Ishida, H340 Isidoro, C78 Isobe, KI278 Iwasaki, A430 Izquierdo, M3 Izumi, Y59 Jaakkola, PM157 Jäättelä, M32 Jackson, GR294 Bailly, Y55 Jackson, WT Janji, B450 Jendrach, M128 Jeon, JH391 Jeung, EB22 Jiang, H94 Jiang, H98 Jiang, JX94 Jiang, M138 Jiang, Q Baiocchi, R168 Jiang, X178 352 Jiménez, A Jin, M Jin, S485 Joe, CO Johansen, T Johnson, DE345 Johnson, GVW367 Jones, NL475 Joseph, B341 Baldini, G Joseph, SK Joubert, AM432 Juhász, G378 JuilleratJeanneret, L385 Jung, CH387 Jung, YK391 Kaarniranta, K452 Kaasik, A276 Kabuta, T164 Kadowaki, M468 Balduini, W356 Kagedal, K40 Kamada, Y392 Kaminskyy, VO341 Kampinga, HH225 Kanamori, H390 Kang, C151 Kang, KB233 Il Kang, K Kang, R Kang, YA273 Ballabio, A67 359 470 Kanki, T426 Kanneganti, TD464 Kanno, H Kanthasamy, AG86 Kanthasamy, A86 Karantza, V485 Kaushal, GP Kaushik, S63 Kawazoe, Y402 Ke, PY154 474 Bamber, BA127 Kehrl, JH Kelekar, A434 Kerkhoff, C210 Kessel, DH342 Khalil, H389 Kiel, JAKW311 Kiger, AA396 Kihara, A Kim, DR158 Kim, DH Bampton, ETW Kim, DH322 Kim, EK Kim, HR Kim, JS297 Kim, JH391 Kim, JC322 Kim, JK Kim, PK475 Kim, SW322 Kim, YS Bánhegyi, G Kim, Y Kimchi, A325 Kimmelman, AC151 King, JS Kinsella, TJ Kirkin, V4 Kirshenbaum, LA170 416 Kitamoto, K495 Kitazato, K175 Klein, L37 Bartholomew, CR Klimecki, WT355 Klucken, J91 Knecht, E242 Ko, BCB Koch, JC272 Koga, H63 Koh, JY322 Koh, YH Koike, M258 Komatsu, M447 Bassham, DC86 Kominami, E258 Kong, HJ429 Kong, WJ375 Korolchuk, VI122 Kotake, Y Koukourakis, MI49 Kouri Flores, JB177 Kovács, AL378 Kraft, C499 Krainc, D11 Bast Jr, RC393 Krämer, H436 KretzRemy, C81 148 Krichevsky, AM151 Kroemer, G351 Krüger, R386 Krut, O494 Ktistakis, NT451 Kuan, CY150 Kucharczyk, R Kumar, A220 Batoko, H132 Kumar, R Kumar, S295 Kundu, M464 Kung, HJ Kurz, T40 Kwon, HJ212 La Spada, AR226 396 Lafont, F156 Lamark, T Landry, J261 Bay, BH483 Lane, JD Lapaquette, P351 Laporte, JF55 László, L378 Lavandero, S436 Lavoie, JN261 Layfield, R267 Lazo, PA Le, W352 Le Cam, L Beau, I275 Ledbetter, DJ121 Lee, AJX440 Lee, BW270 Lee, GM Lee, J250 Lee, JH27 Lee, M460 Lee, MS366 Lee, SH80 Leeuwenburgh, C297 Béchet, DM Legembre, P179 Legouis, R275 Lehmann, M399 Lei, HY427 Lei, QY413 Leib, DA497 Leiro, J184 Lemasters, JJ20 Lemoine, A275 Lesniak, MS418 Begley, TJ398 Lev, D94 Levenson, VV281 Levine, B6 Levy, E27 Li, F273 Li, JL314 Li, L415 Li, S266 352 Li, W239 Li, XJ Behl, C243 Li, YB98 Li, YP Liang, C317 Liang, Q343 Liao, YF154 Liberski, PP473 Lieberman, A Lim, HJ360 Lim, KL483 Lim, K419 Behrends, C128 Lin, CF427 Lin, FC195 Lin, J Lin, JD240 Lin, K Lin, WW159 Lin, WC67 Lin, YL154 Linden, R Lingor, P272 Bekri, S152 LippincottSchwartz, J247 Lisanti, MP191 Liton, PB248 Liu, B Liu, CF423 Liu, K235 Liu, L265 Liu, QA Liu, W135 Liu, YC92 Bellaire, B86 Liu, Y Lockshin, RA236 Lok, CN192 Lonial, S415 Loos, B428 LopezBerestein, G393 LópezOtín, C Lossi, L306 Lotze, MT Lõw, P378 Bendall, LJ185 Lu, B345 Lu, B234 Lu, B Lu, Z393 Luciano, F255 Lukacs, NW Lund, AH103 LynchDay, MA Ma, Y98 Macian, F63 Benetti, L362 MacKeigan, JP139 Macleod, KF418 Madeo, F286 Maiuri, L224 Maiuri, MC351 Malagoli, D113 Malicdan, MCV102 Malorni, W71 Man, N254 Mandelkow, EM401 Berliocchi, L271 Manon, S76 Manov, I Mao, K Mao, X48 Mao, Z415 Marambaud, P190 Marazziti, D Marcel, YL245 Marchbank, K44 Marchetti, P376 Bernardi, H Marciniak, SJ435 Marcondes, M Mardi, M438 Marfe, G182 Mariño, G351 Markaki, M293 Marten, MR Martin, SJ9 MartinandMari, C199 Martinet, W283 Bernassola, F182 MartinezVicente, M282 Masini, M376 Matarrese, P Matsuo, S279 Matteoni, R Mayer, A Mazure, NM255 McConkey, DJ94 393 McConnell, MJ McDermott, C319 Besteiro, S199 McDonald, C McInerney, GM341 McKenna, SL371 McLaughlin, B McLean, PJ11 McMaster, CR McQuibban, GA475 Meijer, AJ129 Meisler, MH Meléndez, A236 344 BhatiaKissova, I Melia, TJ231 Melino, G182 Mena, MA141 Menendez, JA162 MennaBarreto, RFS45 Menon, MB333 Menzies, FM435 Mercer, CA83 Merighi, A306 Merry, DE Bi, X388 Meschini, S Meyer, CG74 Meyer, TF Miao, CY Miao, JY133 Michels, PAM132 Michiels, C463 Mijaljica, D263 Milojkovic, A449 Minucci, S477 BiardPiechaczyk, M262 Miracco, C478 Miranti, CK139 Mitroulis, I49 Miyazawa, K Mizushima, N Mograbi, B255 Mohseni, S40 Molero, X282 Mollereau, B215 Mollinedo, F Blum, JS117 Momoi, T Monastyrska, I437 Monick, MM163 Monteiro, MJ Moore, MN253 Mora, R183 Moreau, K435 Moreira, PI101 Moriyasu, Y Moscat, J70 Boise, LH415 Mostowy, S323 Mottram, JC207 Motyl, T17 Moussa, CEH167 Müller, S207 Muller, S55 Münger, K151 Münz, C Murphy, LO365 Murphy, ME56 Bonaldo, P39 Musarò, A Mysorekar, I93 Nagata, E354 Nagata, K19 Nahimana, A385 Nair, U Nakagawa, T390 Nakahira, K151 Nakano, H258 Nakatogawa, H491 Boone, DL418 Nanjundan, M445 Naqvi, NI483 Narendra, DP249 Narita, M440 Navarro, M Nawrocki, ST214 Nazarko, TY396 Nemchenko, A436 Netea, MG458 Neufeld, TP Bornhauser, BC Ney, PA Nezis, IP456 Nguyen, HP386 Nie, D397 Nishino, I164 Nislow, C475 Nixon, RA27 Noda, T441 Noegel, AA494 Nogalska, A317 Bortoluci, KR328 Noguchi, S164 Notterpek, L297 Novak, I500 Nozaki, T95 108 Nukina, N395 Nürnberger, T386 Nyfeler, B365 Obara, K Oberley, TD273 Oddo, S94 Bossis, I Ogawa, M495 Ohashi, T Okamoto, K244 Oleinick, NL442 Oliver, FJ Olsen, LJ Olsson, S103 Opota, O251 Osborne, TF1 Ostrander, GK274 Bost, F255 Otsu, K44 Ou, JHJ317 Ouimet, M245 Overholtzer, M178 Ozpolat, B393 Paganetti, P251 Pagnini, U359 Pallet, N Palmer, GE146 Palumbo, C182 Bourquin, JP Pan, T67 Panaretakis, T341 Pandey, UB146 Papackova, Z180 Papassideri, I12 Paris, I77 Park, J212 Park, OK381 Parys, JB Parzych, KR Boya, P308 Patschan, S272 Patterson, C Pattingre, S Pawelek, JM430 Peng, J235 Perlmutter, DH382 Perrotta, I420 Perry, G349 Pervaiz, S52 483 Peter, M187 BoyerGuittaut, M26 Peters, GJ227 Petersen, M103 Petrovski, G54 Phang, JM135 Piacentini, M182 Pierre, P65 PierrefiteCarle, V255 Pierron, G304 PinkasKramarski, R414 Piras, A306 Bozhkov, PV482 Piri, N Platanias, LC300 Pöggeler, S272 Poirot, M36 498 Poletti, A477 Poüs, C275 PozueloRubio, M2 PrætoriusIbba, M168 Prasad, A151 Prescott, M263 Brady, NR284 Priault, M76 ProduitZengaffinen, N72 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Keywords	Autolysosome Autophagosome Flux LC3 Lysosome Phagophore Stress Vacuole
Issue Date	2012
Citation	Autophagy, 2012, v. 8 n. 4, p. 445-544 [How to Cite?] DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/auto.19496
Abstract	In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field. © 2012 Landes Bioscience.
ISSN	1554-8627 2011 Impact Factor: 7.453 2011 SCImago Journal Rankings: 0.974
DOI	http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/auto.19496
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DC Field	Value
dc.contributor.author	Klionsky, DJ
dc.contributor.author	Abdalla, FC
dc.contributor.author	Abeliovich, H
dc.contributor.author	Abraham, RT
dc.contributor.author	AcevedoArozena, A
dc.contributor.author	Adeli, K
dc.contributor.author	Agholme, L
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dc.contributor.author	Agostinis, P
dc.contributor.author	AguirreGhiso, JA
dc.contributor.author	Ahn, HJ
dc.contributor.author	BrunettiPierri, N
dc.contributor.author	Shi, Y
dc.contributor.author	Shibuya, K
dc.contributor.author	Shidoji, Y
dc.contributor.author	Shieh, JJ
dc.contributor.author	Shih, CM
dc.contributor.author	Shimada, Y
dc.contributor.author	Shimizu, S
dc.contributor.author	Shintani, T
dc.contributor.author	Shirihai, OS
dc.contributor.author	Shore, GC
dc.contributor.author	Brunk, UT
dc.contributor.author	Sibirny, AA
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dc.contributor.author	Santambrogio, L
dc.contributor.author	Saran, S
dc.contributor.author	Bristol, ML
dc.contributor.author	Sarkar, S
dc.contributor.author	Sarwal, M
dc.contributor.author	Sasakawa, C
dc.contributor.author	Sasnauskiene, A
dc.contributor.author	Sass, M
dc.contributor.author	Sato, K
dc.contributor.author	Sato, M
dc.contributor.author	Schapira, AHV
dc.contributor.author	Scharl, M
dc.contributor.author	Schätzl, HM
dc.contributor.author	Brookes, PS
dc.contributor.author	Scheper, W
dc.contributor.author	Schiaffino, S
dc.contributor.author	Schneider, C
dc.contributor.author	Schneider, ME
dc.contributor.author	SchneiderStock, R
dc.contributor.author	Schoenlein, PV
dc.contributor.author	Schorderet, DF
dc.contributor.author	Schüller, C
dc.contributor.author	Schwartz, GK
dc.contributor.author	Scorrano, L
dc.contributor.author	Brown, EJ
dc.contributor.author	Sealy, L
dc.contributor.author	Seglen, PO
dc.contributor.author	SeguraAguilar, J
dc.contributor.author	Seiliez, I
dc.contributor.author	Seleverstov, O
dc.contributor.author	Sell, C
dc.contributor.author	Seo, JB
dc.contributor.author	Separovic, D
dc.contributor.author	Setaluri, V
dc.contributor.author	Setoguchi, T
dc.contributor.author	Brumell, JH
dc.contributor.author	Settembre, C
dc.contributor.author	Shacka, JJ
dc.contributor.author	Shanmugam, M
dc.contributor.author	Shapiro, IM
dc.contributor.author	Shaulian, E
dc.contributor.author	Shaw, RJ
dc.contributor.author	Shelhamer, JH
dc.contributor.author	Shen, HM
dc.contributor.author	Shen, WC
dc.contributor.author	Sheng, ZH
dc.date.accessioned	2012-10-08T03:23:42Z
dc.date.available	2012-10-08T03:23:42Z
dc.date.issued	2012
dc.description.abstract	In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field. © 2012 Landes Bioscience.
dc.description.nature	Link_to_subscribed_fulltext
dc.identifier.citation	Autophagy, 2012, v. 8 n. 4, p. 445-544 [How to Cite?] DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/auto.19496
dc.identifier.doi	http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/auto.19496
dc.identifier.epage	544
dc.identifier.hkuros	203531
dc.identifier.issn	1554-8627 2011 Impact Factor: 7.453 2011 SCImago Journal Rankings: 0.974
dc.identifier.issue	4
dc.identifier.scopus	eid_2-s2.0-84862295360
dc.identifier.spage	445
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10722/168634
dc.identifier.volume	8
dc.language	eng
dc.relation.ispartof	Autophagy
dc.relation.references	References in Scopus
dc.subject	Autolysosome
dc.subject	Autophagosome
dc.subject	Flux
dc.subject	LC3
dc.subject	Lysosome
dc.subject	Phagophore
dc.subject	Stress
dc.subject	Vacuole
dc.title	Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
dc.type	Article

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U</contributor.author><contributor.author>Sansanwal, P</contributor.author><contributor.author>Santambrogio, L</contributor.author><contributor.author>Saran, S</contributor.author><contributor.author>Bristol, ML</contributor.author><contributor.author>Sarkar, S</contributor.author><contributor.author>Sarwal, M</contributor.author><contributor.author>Sasakawa, C</contributor.author><contributor.author>Sasnauskiene, A</contributor.author><contributor.author>Sass, M</contributor.author><contributor.author>Sato, K</contributor.author><contributor.author>Sato, M</contributor.author><contributor.author>Schapira, AHV</contributor.author><contributor.author>Scharl, M</contributor.author><contributor.author>Sch&#228;tzl, HM</contributor.author><contributor.author>Brookes, PS</contributor.author><contributor.author>Scheper, W</contributor.author><contributor.author>Schiaffino, S</contributor.author><contributor.author>Schneider, C</contributor.author><contributor.author>Schneider, ME</contributor.author><contributor.author>SchneiderStock, R</contributor.author><contributor.author>Schoenlein, PV</contributor.author><contributor.author>Schorderet, DF</contributor.author><contributor.author>Sch&#252;ller, C</contributor.author><contributor.author>Schwartz, GK</contributor.author><contributor.author>Scorrano, L</contributor.author><contributor.author>Brown, EJ</contributor.author><contributor.author>Sealy, L</contributor.author><contributor.author>Seglen, PO</contributor.author><contributor.author>SeguraAguilar, J</contributor.author><contributor.author>Seiliez, I</contributor.author><contributor.author>Seleverstov, O</contributor.author><contributor.author>Sell, C</contributor.author><contributor.author>Seo, JB</contributor.author><contributor.author>Separovic, D</contributor.author><contributor.author>Setaluri, V</contributor.author><contributor.author>Setoguchi, T</contributor.author><contributor.author>Brumell, JH</contributor.author><contributor.author>Settembre, C</contributor.author><contributor.author>Shacka, JJ</contributor.author><contributor.author>Shanmugam, M</contributor.author><contributor.author>Shapiro, IM</contributor.author><contributor.author>Shaulian, E</contributor.author><contributor.author>Shaw, RJ</contributor.author><contributor.author>Shelhamer, JH</contributor.author><contributor.author>Shen, HM</contributor.author><contributor.author>Shen, WC</contributor.author><contributor.author>Sheng, ZH</contributor.author><date.accessioned>2012-10-08T03:23:42Z</date.accessioned><date.available>2012-10-08T03:23:42Z</date.available><date.issued>2012</date.issued><identifier.citation>Autophagy, 2012, v. 8 n. 4, p. 445-544</identifier.citation><identifier.issn>1554-8627</identifier.issn><identifier.uri>http://hdl.handle.net/10722/168634</identifier.uri><description.abstract>In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field. &#169; 2012 Landes Bioscience.</description.abstract><language>eng</language><relation.ispartof>Autophagy</relation.ispartof><subject>Autolysosome</subject><subject>Autophagosome</subject><subject>Flux</subject><subject>LC3</subject><subject>Lysosome</subject><subject>Phagophore</subject><subject>Stress</subject><subject>Vacuole</subject><title>Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy</title><type>Article</type><description.nature>Link_to_subscribed_fulltext</description.nature><identifier.doi>10.4161/auto.19496</identifier.doi><identifier.scopus>eid_2-s2.0-84862295360</identifier.scopus><identifier.hkuros>203531</identifier.hkuros><relation.references>http://www.scopus.com/mlt/select.url?eid=2-s2.0-84862295360&amp;selection=ref&amp;src=s&amp;origin=recordpage</relation.references><identifier.volume>8</identifier.volume><identifier.issue>4</identifier.issue><identifier.spage>445</identifier.spage><identifier.epage>544</identifier.epage></item>

Author Affiliations

Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at Lake Nona
CSIC-JA-UPO-USE - Centro Andaluz de Biologia Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER)
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Merck KGaA
Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli
UT Southwestern Medical School
Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ)
DTP
Trinity College Dublin
National Cancer Institute
Massachusetts General Hospital
University of Athens
Okayama University Medical School
Academy of Athens
Universidad de Valparaiso
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
Uniwersytet Warszawski
University of Durham
Kyoto Sangyo University
Medical University of South Carolina
Toronto General Research Institute
Chungbuk National University
University of Illinois at Chicago
Tokyo Women's Medical University
Johns Hopkins University
Universite de Franche-Comte
New York University School of Medicine
Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele
Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute
Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona
University of California, San Francisco
Kræftens Bekæmpelse
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
UCL
University of Kansas
Institut Claudius Regaud
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center
Università degli Studi di Padova
Linköpings universitet
Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences
Cornell University
AstraZeneca
King's College London
Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz
Universität Bonn
Henan University of Technology
Nanjing Agricultural University
Dimokrition Panepistimion Thrakis
INRA Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique
The University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine
Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore
National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, FRA
University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center
Université de Strasbourg
The Wistar Institute
University of Dundee
Safar Center for Resuscitation Research
Keio University
University of Shizuoka
Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montreal
University of Washington
Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University
Norwegian Institute of Public Health
Aix Marseille Université
York Universite Canada
Baylor College of Medicine
Hospital Clinic Barcelona
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute
San Raffaele Institute Sulmona
Institute for Research in Ophthalmology (IRO)
EMD Serono Research Institute, Inc.
Bernhard Nocht Institut fur Tropenmedizin Hamburg
UC Davis
Université de Bordeaux
Santo Tomas University
Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro
University of Maryland School of Medicine
The Catholic University of Korea
Université de Lyon
Università degli Studi di Messina
University of Cincinnati
Karolinska University Hospital
Università degli Studi di Brescia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia
Iowa State University
Instituto Nacional de Cancer
Duke University School of Medicine
Jozef Stefan Institute
University of Liverpool
null
Shu-Te University
University of Washington School of Medicine
University of Texas System
National Institute of Infectious Diseases
University of Aberdeen
SungKyunKwan University, School of Medicine
Harbin Medical University
Universitat fur Bodenkultur Wien
Korea Institute of Science and Technology
University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine
National Human Genome Research Institute
Københavns Universitet
Wayne State University
Universidad Nacional de Cuyo
The University of Georgia
Drexel University College of Medicine
University of Tsukuba
AgroParisTech
University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
null
Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Peking University Health Science Center
Penn State College of Medicine
Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis
University of Texas Medical School at Houston
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
Dulbecco Telethon Institute
University of Kentucky
Newcastle University, United Kingdom
Chonbuk National University
LEO Pharma AS
Mayo Clinic
Stanford University
University of Toledo
null
Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam
South China Normal University
Helsingin Yliopisto
Universite Catholique de Louvain
Shandong University
Russian Academy of Sciences
National Cancer Institute at Frederick
Uniwersytet Slaski w Katowicach
Universite Pierre et Marie Curie
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Van Andel Research Institute
Università degli Studi dell'Insubria
Hospital Ramon y Cajal
Jefferson Medical College
Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
VAAAHS
National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
LSU Health Sciences Center - Shreveport
University of Nebraska - Lincoln
null
University of Southampton
Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation
Harvard Medical School
Universite de Rouen
National Institutes Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton
Academia Sinica Taiwan
University of Virginia
Institut Pasteur Lille
Turku Centre for Biotechnology
Gyeongsang National University (GSNU), College of Medicine
National Taiwan University
Francis Marion University
Royal Veterinary College University of London
Institute Catala Oncologia
University of Iowa
National Institute of Neuroscience, Kodaira
San Diego State University
IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza
Georgetown University Medical Center
Ohio State University
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
University of Manitoba
Kyushu University
Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, Roma
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram
Mackay Memorial Hospital Taiwan
Nagasaki University
University at Buffalo State University of New York
Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
Universite de Rennes 1
Institutu Klinické a Experimentální Medicíny
University of Colorado School of Medicine
Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata
Universidad de Costa Rica
Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
University of Sydney
University of Colorado at Boulder
Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich
Columbia University in the City of New York
Harvard University
Feinstein Institute for Medical Research
University of Manchester
The University of Hong Kong
Universidad de Extremadura
Shanghai Jiaotong University
Zhejiang University
Vilnius University
Universiteit Gent
University of Sheffield
Universite Montpellier 2 Sciences et Techniques
Università degli Studi di Udine
Università degli Studi di Palermo
OIST Graduate University
null
Vysoká škola chemicko-technologická v Praze
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Kagoshima University
University of Glasgow
CSIC-JA-UPO - Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD)
Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie
Fraunhofer Group Extracorporeal Immune Modulation (EXIM)
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Yonsei University
Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon
George Mason University
Milton S. Hershey Medical Center
Cancer Registry of Norway Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research
University of Colorado at Denver
null
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Universite Paris 7- Denis Diderot
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
null
Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen
Rady Children's Hospital
VU University Medical Center
Institut Pasteur, Paris
Korea Basic Science Institute
Wuhan University
Yale University
Tufts University School of Medicine
National Cancer Centre, Singapore
Stanford University School of Medicine
Huazhong Normal University
Queens College, City University of New York
Ege Üniversitesi
University of Southern California
Hanshan Normal University
University of Michigan Medical School
Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences - NCMLS
Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe
Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz
Osaka University
University of Ottawa Heart Institute
Mayo Clinic Cancer Center
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Duke University
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Plymouth Marine Laboratory
University of Science and Technology of China
Université Nice Sophia Antipolis
Life Technologies
Lancaster University
Juntendo University School of Medicine
Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida
Frankfurt Institute for Molecular Life Sciences
Laval Universtity Cancer Research Center
CNRS UM1
Monash University
Scripps Research Institute
Texas A and M Health Science Center
Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences
University of Nottingham
Riken
Virginia Commonwealth University
Yonsei University College of Medicine
Università degli studi Magna Graecia di Catanzaro
Universität Göttingen
University of Wisconsin Madison
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Universite Paris-Sud XI
University of Tartu
Jichi Medical University
Nagoya University
Osaka Prefecture University
Yokohama City University School of Medicine
Rush University Medical Center
Hospital Vall D'hebron
Universiteit Antwerpen
Universität Heidelberg
University of the Ryukyus
Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz
Montana State University - Bozeman
Mount Sinai School of Medicine
University of G. d'Annunzio Chieti and Pescara
Taussig Cancer Center
City of Hope National Med Center
Nankai University
Panepistimio Kritis
UT Medical Branch at Galveston
University of Adelaide
Agricultural Institute of Slovenia
University of Florida
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Keck Graduate Institute
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
University of Nebraska Medical Center
UniversitatsSpital Zurich
Keio University School of Medicine
CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
University of Pennsylvania
Università degli Studi di Torino
Providence Portland Medical Center
CSIC - Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CIB)
null
Asahi University
University of Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute
Changzheng Hospital
null
Third People's Hospital of Yongzhou
Texas A and M Institute for Biosciences and Technology
Equipe Labellisée par l'Association Pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC)
Keck School of Medicine of USC
Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital
Bond University
UC Berkeley
California Institute of Technology
University of Ulsan, College of Medicine
Imperial College London
University of Florida College of Medicine
Weizmann Institute of Science Israel
Sun Yat-Sen University
LSU Health Sciences Center - New Orleans
Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo
Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine
Universitat de Valencia
Kyung Hee University
Weis Center for Research
Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH)
Maastricht University
null
Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre
University of Louisville
University of East Anglia
Medical University of Warsaw
Tohoku University
Karolinska Institutet
Wayne State University School of Medicine
University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine
New York University
University of Pittsburgh
National Academy of Sciences in Ukraine
British Columbia Cancer Agency
Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie
University of Texas at San Antonio
Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine
Inserm
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
Tokai University School of Medicine
University of Arizona
Università degli Studi di Urbino
Virginia Commonwealth University Health System
New York Medical College
Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
Konkuk University
Hunter College
Merck & Co.
Genentech Incorporated
University of Birmingham
Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research
Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University
University of Rochester
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan
Columbia University Medical Center
University of Waterloo
University College Cork
Cardiff University
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
The Fourth Military Medical University
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Università di Pisa
University of Belgrade
Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem
INRA Centre de Clermont-Ferrand-Theix
National Tsing Hua University
Korea University
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
University of Rzeszów
Boston University
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois
Universität Tübingen
Korea Food Research Institute
Western University of Health Sciences
Minufiya University
Gifu University School of Medicine
Seoul National University
National Institutes of Natural Sciences - National Institute for Basic Biology
University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center
The Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Riken Brain Science Institute
University of California, San Diego
Southern Illinois University School of Medicine
University at Albany State University of New York
University of Arkansas System
Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology
Research Center Caesar
Kyoto University
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Université de la Méditerranée Aix-Marseille II
Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center
MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Hong Kong Polytechnic University
University of New Mexico School of Medicine
Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute
Griffith University
Fudan University
Tel Aviv University
Emory University School of Medicine
Saint Boniface General Hospital Research Centre
Rockefeller University
University of Chicago
Chungnam National University
Università della Calabria
Medizinische Universitat Wien
University of Strathclyde
Soochow University
National Defense Medical Center Taiwan
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
Kyushu University Faculty of Medicine
National Cheng Kung University
Universiteit Stellenbosch
National Fisheries Research and Development Institute(NFRDI), Busan
Yale University School of Medicine
Università degli Studi di Pavia
Universiteit van Pretoria
Université de Genève
University of Minnesota Cancer Center
University of Cambridge
UT Southwestern Medical Center
Utrecht University
Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Cancer Research UK
Osaka University Faculty of Medicine
Case Western Reserve University
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
null
University of South Florida Tampa
National Yang-Ming University Taiwan
Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
University of Utah
Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine
Public Research Center for Health (CRP-Santé)
The Babraham Institute
Itä-Suomen yliopisto
North Shore University Hospital
National Institute of Floricultural Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
The University of British Columbia
Universitetet i Oslo
Food and Drug Administration
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre
University of Johannesburg
University of Incheon
UC Irvine
Juntendo University
Facultes Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix
St. Jude Children Research Hospital
Medical College of Georgia
National Health Research Institutes Taiwan
Buck Institute for Age Research
Niigata University
University of Idaho
TIGEM Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine
John Radcliffe Hospital
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lodzi
Chang Gung University
University of Toronto
Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf und Medizinische Fakultät
Università degli Studi di Milano
Università degli Studi di Siena
Lunds Universitet
IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana
SAIC
Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet
National University of Singapore
The Ottawa Hospital
UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
INRA Bordeaux-Aquitaine
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Universitätsklinikum Ulm
University of York
Universitat de Barcelona
Tokyo Institute of Technology
Universität Bern
Chosun University
Universität zu Köln
University of Tokyo
Huazhong Agricultural University
Dartmouth Medical School
Universite Paul Sabatier Toulouse III
Universitat Wien
University of Split

Article: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

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