Lymphocyte response to T cell mitogen during experimental gingivitis in humans

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the dose response relationships of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) by stimulation of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) during the onset of oral inflammation. Eleven dental students underwent a 3 week experimental gingivitis program. At time zero, weeks 1, 2, and 3, and after 1 week of reinstituted oral hygiene (week 4), the plaque accumulations were evaluated, the degree of gingival inflammation was assessed, and a blood sample was taken. Quadruplicate microcultures each containing 2 x 105 PBL in 0.2 ml of tissue culture medium 199 and 10% fetal calf serum were stimulated with five concentrations of PHA (10 to 0.5 μg/ml) and incubated for 78 h at 37 C in 5% CO2. [3H]thymidine was added to each culture for the final 8 h. The cultures were then harvested and counted by liquid scintillation, and stimulation indexes (SI) were determined. At time zero the maximum PBL response occurred at a PHA concentration of 5 μg/ml (SI = 100). During weeks 1, 2, and 3 the location of the maximum PBL response shifted to a lower PHA concentration (1.0 μg/ml) and increased to over SI = 400. The phenomenon of shifting of peak PHA responses to lower PHA concentrations could be observed after only 1 week of developing gingival inflammation. The PBL response returned to pre experimental values after 1 week of reinstituted oral hygiene, which resolved the oral inflammation. The findings show that a dose response relationship exists between PHA concentrations and the PBL response. If these dose response changes seen during developing gingival inflammation are ignored, either a decrease, increase, or no change in PBL response can be shown depending upon the PHA concentration evaluated. Owing to the dose dependent nature of this PBL response, it is advisable to routinely use dose response curves in order to properly evaluate the full responsiveness of PBL to mitogenic substances.