File Download
Links for fulltext
(May Require Subscription)
- Publisher Website: 10.1007/s10584-012-0490-9
- Scopus: eid_2-s2.0-84871408022
- WOS: WOS:000312715500008
- Find via
Supplementary
- Citations:
- Appears in Collections:
Article: A tale of two population crises in recent Chinese history
| Title | A tale of two population crises in recent Chinese history |
|---|---|
| Authors | |
| Keywords | Earth sciences Meteorology and Climatology |
| Issue Date | 2013 |
| Publisher | Springer Verlag Dordrecht. The Journal's web site is located at http://springerlink.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=journal&issn=0165-0009 |
| Citation | Climatic Change, 2013, v. 116 n. 2, p. 285-308 How to Cite? |
| Abstract | The fall of the Ming dynasty in the first half of the 17th century and the Taiping Rebellion from 1851-1864 were two of the most chaotic periods in Chinese history, and each was accompanied by large-scale population collapses. The 'Kang-Qian Golden Age' (also known as 'High Qing'), during which population size expanded rapidly, falls in between the two. Scholars remain divided in their opinions concerning the above alternation of population growth and decline as to whether variations in population size or climate change should be identified as the root cause. In either case, the synergistic impact of population growth and climate change upon population growth dynamics is overlooked. In the present study, we utilized high-resolution empirical data, qualitative survey, statistical comparison and time-series analysis to investigate how the two factors worked synergistically to drive population cycles in 1600-1899. To facilitate our research, we posited a set of simplified pathways for population growth in historical agrarian China. Our results confirm that the interrelation between population growth, climate change and population crises in recent Chinese history basically followed our posited pathways. The recurrences of population crises were largely determined by the combination of population growth and climate change. Our results challenge classic Malthusian/post-Malthusian interpretations and historians' views of historical Chinese population cycles. © 2012 The Author(s). |
| Persistent Identifier | http://hdl.handle.net/10722/147112 |
| ISSN | 2023 Impact Factor: 4.8 2023 SCImago Journal Rankings: 1.393 |
| ISI Accession Number ID | |
| References | An ZS (2000) The history and variability of the East Asian paleomonsoon climate. Quat Sci Rev 19:171–187 doi: 10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00060-8 Atwell WS (2002) Time, money, and the weather: Ming China and the 'great depression' of the mid-fifteenth century. J Asian Stud 61:83–113 doi: 10.2307/2700190 Chen F, Yu Z, Yang M, Ito E, Wang S, Madsen DB, Huang X, Zhao Y, Sato T, Birks HJB, Boomer I, Chen J, An C, Wuennemann B (2008) Holocene moisture evolution in arid central Asia and its out-of-phase relationship with Asian monsoon history. Quat Sci Rev 27:351–364 doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.10.017 Chen FH, Chen JH, Holmes J, Boomer I, Austin P, Gates JB, Wang NL, Brooks SJ, Zhang JW (2010) Moisture changes over the last millennium in arid central Asia: a review, synthesis and comparison with monsoon region. Quat Sci Rev 29:1055–1068 doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.01.005 Chu CYC, Lee RD (1994) Famine, revolt, and the dynastic cycle - Population dynamics in historical China. J Popul Econ 7:351–378 doi: 10.1007/BF00161472 Zhang W, Li P (1999) Lishi shiqi renkou yu shuizai guanxi tantao. Popul Res 23:25–31 doi: 10.1007/s10584-009-9702-3 Fang JQ, Liu G (1992) Relationship between climatic change and the nomadic southward migrations in eastern Asia during historical times. Clim Chang 22:151–169 doi: 10.1007/BF00142964 Fang X, Ye Y, Zeng Z (2007) Extreme climate events, migration for cultivation and policies: a case study in the early Qing dynasty of China. Sci China Earth Sci 50:411–421 doi: 10.1007/s11430-007-2022-4 Galloway PR (1986) Long-term fluctuations in climate and population in the preindustrial era. Popul Dev Rev 12:1–24 doi: 10.2307/1973349 Galloway PR (1988) Basic patterns in annual variations in fertility, nuptiality, mortality, and prices in pre-industrial Europe. Popul Stud 42:275–303 doi: 10.1080/0032472031000143366 Ho PT (1955) The introduction of American food plants into China. Am Anthropol 57:191–201 doi: 10.1525/aa.1955.57.2.02a00020 Lee HF, Zhang DD (2010) Changes in climate and secular population cycles in China, 1000 CE to 1911. Clim Res 42:235–246 doi: 10.3354/cr00913 Lee J, Wang F, Cameron C (1994) Infant and child-mortality among the Qing nobility: Implications for 2 types of positive check. Popul Stud 48:395–411 doi: 10.1080/0032472031000147936 Lee J, Cameron C, Wang F (2002) Positive check or Chinese checks? J Asian Stud 61:591–607 doi: 10.2307/2700301 Lee HF, Fok L, Zhang DD (2008) Climatic change and Chinese population growth dynamics over the last millennium. Clim Chang 88:131–156 doi: 10.1007/s10584-007-9329-1 Lee HF, Zhang DD, Fok L (2009) Temperature, aridity thresholds, and population growth dynamics in China over the last millennium. Clim Res 39:131–147 doi: 10.3354/cr00816 Ren Z (1987) The abnormal periods of climate in China over the past 5000 years and their causes. Adv Atmos Sci 4:210–217 doi: 10.1007/BF02677067 Stenseth NC, Voje KL (2009) Easter Island: climate change might have contributed to past cultural and societal changes. Clim Res 39:111–114 doi: 10.3354/cr00809 Wang YC (1936) The rise of land tax and the fall of dynasties in Chinese history. Pac Aff 9:201–220 doi: 10.2307/2751407 Wang SW, Gong DY, Zhu JH (2001) Twentieth-century climatic warming in China in the context of the Holocene. Holocene 11:313–321 doi: 10.1191/095968301673172698 Wood JW (1998) A theory of preindustrial population dynamics - Demography, economy, and well-being in malthusian systems. Curr Anthropol 39:99–135 doi: 10.1086/204700 Zhang DD, Jim CY, Lin GCS, He YQ, Wang JJ, Lee HF (2006) Climatic change, wars and dynastic cycles in China over the last millennium. Clim Chang 76:459–477 doi: 10.1007/s10584-005-9024-z Zhang DD, Brecke P, Lee HF, He YQ, Zhang J (2007a) Global climate change, war, and population decline in recent human history. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:19214–19219 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0703073104 Zhang DD, Zhang J, Lee HF, He YQ (2007b) Climate change and war frequency in Eastern China over the last millennium. Hum Ecol 35:403–414 doi: 10.1007/s10745-007-9115-8 |
| DC Field | Value | Language |
|---|---|---|
| dc.contributor.author | Lee, HF | en_HK |
| dc.contributor.author | Zhang, DD | en_HK |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2012-05-28T08:17:53Z | - |
| dc.date.available | 2012-05-28T08:17:53Z | - |
| dc.date.issued | 2013 | en_HK |
| dc.identifier.citation | Climatic Change, 2013, v. 116 n. 2, p. 285-308 | en_HK |
| dc.identifier.issn | 0165-0009 | en_HK |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10722/147112 | - |
| dc.description.abstract | The fall of the Ming dynasty in the first half of the 17th century and the Taiping Rebellion from 1851-1864 were two of the most chaotic periods in Chinese history, and each was accompanied by large-scale population collapses. The 'Kang-Qian Golden Age' (also known as 'High Qing'), during which population size expanded rapidly, falls in between the two. Scholars remain divided in their opinions concerning the above alternation of population growth and decline as to whether variations in population size or climate change should be identified as the root cause. In either case, the synergistic impact of population growth and climate change upon population growth dynamics is overlooked. In the present study, we utilized high-resolution empirical data, qualitative survey, statistical comparison and time-series analysis to investigate how the two factors worked synergistically to drive population cycles in 1600-1899. To facilitate our research, we posited a set of simplified pathways for population growth in historical agrarian China. Our results confirm that the interrelation between population growth, climate change and population crises in recent Chinese history basically followed our posited pathways. The recurrences of population crises were largely determined by the combination of population growth and climate change. Our results challenge classic Malthusian/post-Malthusian interpretations and historians' views of historical Chinese population cycles. © 2012 The Author(s). | en_HK |
| dc.language | eng | en_US |
| dc.publisher | Springer Verlag Dordrecht. The Journal's web site is located at http://springerlink.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=journal&issn=0165-0009 | en_HK |
| dc.relation.ispartof | Climatic Change | en_HK |
| dc.rights | The Author(s) | en_US |
| dc.rights | This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. | en_US |
| dc.subject | Earth sciences | en_US |
| dc.subject | Meteorology and Climatology | en_US |
| dc.title | A tale of two population crises in recent Chinese history | en_HK |
| dc.type | Article | en_HK |
| dc.identifier.openurl | http://www.springerlink.com/link-out/?id=2104&code=810R8273M1145363&MUD=MP | en_US |
| dc.description.nature | published_or_final_version | en_US |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.1007/s10584-012-0490-9 | en_HK |
| dc.identifier.scopus | eid_2-s2.0-84871408022 | en_HK |
| dc.identifier.hkuros | 225520 | - |
| dc.relation.references | An ZS (2000) The history and variability of the East Asian paleomonsoon climate. Quat Sci Rev 19:171–187 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | doi: 10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00060-8 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Atwell WS (2002) Time, money, and the weather: Ming China and the 'great depression' of the mid-fifteenth century. J Asian Stud 61:83–113 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | doi: 10.2307/2700190 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Chen F, Yu Z, Yang M, Ito E, Wang S, Madsen DB, Huang X, Zhao Y, Sato T, Birks HJB, Boomer I, Chen J, An C, Wuennemann B (2008) Holocene moisture evolution in arid central Asia and its out-of-phase relationship with Asian monsoon history. Quat Sci Rev 27:351–364 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.10.017 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Chen FH, Chen JH, Holmes J, Boomer I, Austin P, Gates JB, Wang NL, Brooks SJ, Zhang JW (2010) Moisture changes over the last millennium in arid central Asia: a review, synthesis and comparison with monsoon region. Quat Sci Rev 29:1055–1068 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.01.005 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Chu CYC, Lee RD (1994) Famine, revolt, and the dynastic cycle - Population dynamics in historical China. J Popul Econ 7:351–378 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | doi: 10.1007/BF00161472 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Fan K-w (2010) Climatic change and dynastic cycles in Chinese history: a review essay. Clim Chang 101:565–573 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Chi CT (1963) Key economic areas in Chinese history as revealed in the development of public works for water-control. Paragon Book Reprint Corp, New York | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Editorial Committee of Chinese Military History (1985) Zhongguo Junshishi. Jiefangjun Chubanshe, Beijing | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Fagan B (2000) The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History 1300–1850. Basic Books, New York | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Gao J (1994) Research on the parameters of natural disasters. J Catastrophology 9:65–73 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Gao W (1997) Zhongguo Ziran Zaihaishi (Zonglun). Dizhen Chubanshe, Beijing | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Ge QS, Dai JH, He FN, Zheng JY, Man ZM, Zhao Y (2004) Spatiotemporal dynamics of reclamation and cultivation and its driving factors in parts of China during the last three centuries. Progress in Natural Science 14:605- + . | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Goldstone JA (1991) Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World. University of California Press, Berkeley | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Gong S (2003) Changes of the temporal-spatial distribution of epidemic disasters in 770 BC - AD 1911 China. Acta Geogr Sin 58:870–878 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Gong G, Ge Q, Xu K (1996) Qihou bianhua dui nongye de yingxiang. In: Zhang P (ed) Zhongguo Lishi Qihou Bianhua. Shandong Kexue Jishu Chubanshe, Jinan | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Gribbin J (1978) Climatic Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Ji X (1989) Studies in Honour of Professor Chen Yin-que. Beijing Daxue Chubanshe, Beijing | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Hall TD, Turchin P (2007) Lessons from population ecology for world-systems analyses of long-distance synchrony. In: Hornborg A, Crumley CL (eds) The World System and the Earth System. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, pp 74–90 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | He F, Ge Q, Zheng J (2002) Reckoning the areas of urban land use and their comparison in the Qing dynasty in China. Acta Geogr Sin 57:709–716 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Hinsch B (1988) Climatic change and history in China. J Asian Hist 22:131–159 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Ho PT (1959) Studies on the Population of China. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp 1368–1953 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Huang R (1988) China, a macro history. M.E. Sharpe, Armonk | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Institute of History Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (1988) Zhongguo Lidai Ziran Zaihai ji Lidai Shengshi Nongye Zhengce Ziliao. Nongye, Beijing | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Jiang T (1993) Zhongguo Jindai Renkou Shi. Hangzhou University Press, Hangzhou | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Jiang L, Sun Y, Ba M (2004) On the climate affecting Chinese political, economical, historical structure evolution. J Chengdu Coll Educ 18(3–4):10 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Jones SM, Kuhn PA (1978) Dynastic decline and the roots of rebellion. In: Fairbank JK (ed) The Cambridge History of China, vol 10, Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911. Part I. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 107–162 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Korotayev AV, Malkov AS, Khaltourina DA (2006) Secular cycles and millennial trends. In: Korotayev AV, Malkov AS, Khaltourina DA (eds) Introduction to social macrodynamics: secular cycles and millennial trends. Editorial URSS, Moscow, pp 95–133 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Lan Y, Jiang L (2005) On the climate affecting Chinese political and economical structure. J Qinghai Natl Inst (Soc Sci) 31:44–47 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Lattimore O (1988) Inner Asian Frontiers of China. Oxford University Press, Hong Kong | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Lee JZ, Wang F (1999) One Quarter of Humanity: Malthusian Mythology and Chinese Realities, 1700–2000. Harvard University Press, Cambridge | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Li X (1998) Renkou dongtai pingheng de lishi fenxi. Journal of Historical Science:110–117. | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Li Y (1999) Qianlun zhongyuan diqu jin wuqiannian lai qihou de shuihan bianhua guilu yu zhongguo lishi chaodai de yanti yu xingshuai. J North China Inst Water Conserv Hydroelectr Power (Soc Sci) 15:37–41 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Pan Y (1994) Zhongguo lishi shang nongmu chongtu de dili jieshi. Journal of Qiqihar University (Philosophy Social Science Edition):87–92. | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Liang F (1980) Zhongguo Lidai Hukou, Tiandi, Tianfu Tongji. Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, Shanghai | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Liu Z (1994) Zhongguo Lishi shang Qihou zhi Bianqian. Taiwan Shangwu, Taibei | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Long G (1989) Neiyou waihuan yu qihou bianqian. Geographical Knowledge:24–25. | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Malthus TR (1798) An Essay on the Principle of Population. printed for J. Johnson, London. | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Man Z (2009) Zhongguo Lishi Shiqi Qihou Bianhua Yanjiu. Shandong Jiaoyu Chubanshe, Jinan | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Nefedov SA (2003) A theory of demographic cycles and the social evolution of ancient and medieval oriental societies. Vostok-Oriens 3:5–22 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Parker G, Smith LM (1978) Introduction. In: Parker G, Smith LM (eds) The general crisis of the seventeenth century. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, pp 1–25 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Peng X (1965) History of Chinese currency. Shanghai People's Press, Shanghai | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Perkins DH (1969) Agricultural development in China, 1368–1968. Aldine, Chicago | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Reischauer EO (1965) The dynastic cycle. In: Meskill J (ed) The pattern of Chinese history: cycles, development, or stagnation? D.C. Heath & Co., Boston, pp 31–33 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Rowe WT (2002) Social stability and social change. In: Peterson WJ (ed) The Cambridge History of China, vol 9, Part One: The Ch'ing Empire to 1800. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 473–562 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Sun G (2004) Research of dispersed in time and space untal regularity of Chinese historical big pestilence. Areal Res Dev 23:123–128 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Tan M, Liu TS, Hou JZ, Qin XG, Zhang HC, Li TY (2003) Cyclic rapid warming on centennial-scale revealed by a 2650-year stalagmite record of warm season temperature. Geophysical Research Letters 30:Art. No. 1617. | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Tang M, Tang C (2000) The impact of climate variation on the history evolution of China. Plateau Meteorol 19:159–165 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Tang M, Tang C (2002) Climatic condition and Chinese history (II): "Good (bad) climatic condition" and "peaceful (trouble) times" in Chinese history. Plateau Meteorol 21:15–19 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Wang Y, Huang Y (1999) Qingdai zhongguo qihou bianqian, ziran zaihai yu liangshi de chubu kaocha. Researches in Chinese Economic History:3–18. | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Turchin P (2003) Historical dynamics. Princeton University Press, Princeton | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Turchin P (2005) Dynamical feedbacks between population growth and sociopolitical instability in agrarian states. Structure and Dynamics: eJournal of Anthropological and Related Sciences 1:Article 3. | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Turchin P (2006) War and peace and war: the life cycles of imperial nations. Pi Press, New York | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Turchin P, Nefedov SA (2009) Secular cycles. Princeton University Press, Princeton | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Usher D (1989) The dynastic cycle and the stationary state. Am Econ Rev 79:1031–1044 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Wang H (1996) The relationship between the migrating south of the nomadic nationalities in north China and the climatic changes. Sci Geogr Sin 16:274–279 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Wright AF (1965) Comment on early Chinese views. In: Meskill J (ed) The pattern of Chinese history: cycles, development, or stagnation? D.C. Heath & Co., Boston, pp 3–4 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Wrigley EA (1973) Population and history. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Wu J (2003) Shilun zhongguo gudai renkou zengjian yu wangchao xingshuai guanxi ji qishi. J Southwest China Norm Univ (Philos Soc Sci Ed) 29:113–116 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Xiao X (2005) The laws of ancient Chinese agriculture social population's variety. J Yanan Univ (Soc Sci) 27:83–86 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Yang B, Braeuning A, Johnson KR, Shi Y (2002) General characteristics of temperature variation in China during the last two millennia. Geophysical Research Letters 29:Art. No. 1324. | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Ye Y, Fang X, Ge Q, Zheng J (2004) Response and adaptation to climate change indicated by the relationship between revolt and drought-flood in Shandong Province during middle and late Qing dynasty. Sci Geogr Sin 24:680–686 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Zhang C (1999) A study of the climate effects on the society of China during historical times. J Xinjiang Norm Univ (Nat Sci Ed) 18:49–52 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Zhang D (2005) Severe drought events as revealed in the climate records of China and their temperature situations over the last 1000 years. Acta Meteorol Sin 19:485–491 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Zhang W, Li P (1999) Lishi shiqi renkou yu shuizai guanxi tantao. Popul Res 23:25–31 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | doi: 10.1007/s10584-009-9702-3 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Zhang D, Jim CY, Lin CS, He YQ, Lee F (2005) Climate change, social unrest and dynastic transition in ancient China. Chin Sci Bull 50:137–144 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Zhang DD, Lee HF, Wang C, Li B, Zhang J, Pei Q, Chen J (2011) Climate change and large scale human population collapses in the pre-industrial era. Global Ecol Biogeogr 20:520–531 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Zhao S (1994) Geography of China: environment, resources, population, and development. John Wiley & Sons, New York | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Zhao W, Xie S (1988) Zhongguo Renkou Shi. Renmin Chubanshe, Beijing | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Zheng J, Zhang P, Ge Q, Man Z (2001) Centennial changes of drought/flood spatial pattern in eastern China for the last 2000 years. Prog Nat Sci 11:280–287 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Zhou Z (1997) Zhongguo fengjian shehui de renkou zhouqi xiaozhang yu huangchao zhouqi xunhuan guanxi zhi tantao. J Hangzhou Univ 27:71–78 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Fang JQ, Liu G (1992) Relationship between climatic change and the nomadic southward migrations in eastern Asia during historical times. Clim Chang 22:151–169 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | doi: 10.1007/BF00142964 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Fang X, Ye Y, Zeng Z (2007) Extreme climate events, migration for cultivation and policies: a case study in the early Qing dynasty of China. Sci China Earth Sci 50:411–421 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | doi: 10.1007/s11430-007-2022-4 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Galloway PR (1986) Long-term fluctuations in climate and population in the preindustrial era. Popul Dev Rev 12:1–24 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | doi: 10.2307/1973349 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Galloway PR (1988) Basic patterns in annual variations in fertility, nuptiality, mortality, and prices in pre-industrial Europe. Popul Stud 42:275–303 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | doi: 10.1080/0032472031000143366 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Ho PT (1955) The introduction of American food plants into China. Am Anthropol 57:191–201 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | doi: 10.1525/aa.1955.57.2.02a00020 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Lee HF, Zhang DD (2010) Changes in climate and secular population cycles in China, 1000 CE to 1911. Clim Res 42:235–246 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | doi: 10.3354/cr00913 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Lee J, Wang F, Cameron C (1994) Infant and child-mortality among the Qing nobility: Implications for 2 types of positive check. Popul Stud 48:395–411 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | doi: 10.1080/0032472031000147936 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Lee J, Cameron C, Wang F (2002) Positive check or Chinese checks? J Asian Stud 61:591–607 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | doi: 10.2307/2700301 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Lee HF, Fok L, Zhang DD (2008) Climatic change and Chinese population growth dynamics over the last millennium. Clim Chang 88:131–156 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | doi: 10.1007/s10584-007-9329-1 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Lee HF, Zhang DD, Fok L (2009) Temperature, aridity thresholds, and population growth dynamics in China over the last millennium. Clim Res 39:131–147 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | doi: 10.3354/cr00816 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Ren Z (1987) The abnormal periods of climate in China over the past 5000 years and their causes. Adv Atmos Sci 4:210–217 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | doi: 10.1007/BF02677067 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Stenseth NC, Voje KL (2009) Easter Island: climate change might have contributed to past cultural and societal changes. Clim Res 39:111–114 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | doi: 10.3354/cr00809 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Wang YC (1936) The rise of land tax and the fall of dynasties in Chinese history. Pac Aff 9:201–220 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | doi: 10.2307/2751407 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Wang SW, Gong DY, Zhu JH (2001) Twentieth-century climatic warming in China in the context of the Holocene. Holocene 11:313–321 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | doi: 10.1191/095968301673172698 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Wood JW (1998) A theory of preindustrial population dynamics - Demography, economy, and well-being in malthusian systems. Curr Anthropol 39:99–135 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | doi: 10.1086/204700 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Zhang DD, Jim CY, Lin GCS, He YQ, Wang JJ, Lee HF (2006) Climatic change, wars and dynastic cycles in China over the last millennium. Clim Chang 76:459–477 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | doi: 10.1007/s10584-005-9024-z | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Zhang DD, Brecke P, Lee HF, He YQ, Zhang J (2007a) Global climate change, war, and population decline in recent human history. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:19214–19219 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | doi: 10.1073/pnas.0703073104 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Zhang DD, Zhang J, Lee HF, He YQ (2007b) Climate change and war frequency in Eastern China over the last millennium. Hum Ecol 35:403–414 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | doi: 10.1007/s10745-007-9115-8 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Atwell WS (2001) Volcanism and short-term climatic change in East Asian and world history, c. 1200–1699. J World Hist 12:29–98 | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Chao K (1986) Man and land in Chinese History: an economic analysis. Stanford University Press, Stanford | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Chen T (1946) Population in Modern China. The University of Chicage Press, Chicago | en_US |
| dc.relation.references | Chen Y, Gao J (1984) Time characteristics of great climatic disasters of died people over ten thousand in Chinese history. Discovery of Nature:157–166. | en_US |
| dc.identifier.spage | 1 | en_HK |
| dc.identifier.epage | 24 | en_HK |
| dc.identifier.eissn | 1573-1480 | en_US |
| dc.identifier.isi | WOS:000312715500008 | - |
| dc.publisher.place | Netherlands | en_HK |
| dc.description.other | Springer Open Choice, 28 May 2012 | en_US |
| dc.identifier.citeulike | 10689286 | - |
| dc.identifier.issnl | 0165-0009 | - |