Preservation effects on C/N ratios and stable isotope signatures: Of freshwater fishes and benthic macroinvertebrates

Abstract

This study examined the effects of fluid preservatives on carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes (δ 13C and δ 15N) and C/N ratios of freshwater animals. Brotia hainanensis snails, Caridina cantonensis and Macrobrachium hainanense shrimps, and Pseudogastromyzon myersi, Liniparhomaloptera disparis, and Ctenogobius duospilus fishes were collected from seven Hong Kong streams, so as to incorporate natural variations in isotopic signals among conspecifics. Samples were preserved with 10% formalin, 70% ethanol, or formalin-ethanol solution (fixation in formalin then storage in ethanol). We compared sample molar C/N, δ 13C, and δ 15N with frozen conspecifics after 30, 60, 90, 180, and 360 d. Increases in C/N were evident in formalin-fixed shrimps and fish only, whereas DC/N attributable to ethanol and formalin-ethanol preservation was insignificant in all species. Chemical preservation generally caused δ 13C depletion in fishes and Δδ 13C significantly declined over time in formalin-ethanol-preserved L. disparis. Formalin-induced d13C shifts were observed in shrimps (C. cantonensis: -1.54‰; M. hainanense: -0.80‰) and snails (-0.25‰) and were relatively consistent when preservation was ≤ 60 d. The influence of formalin-ethanol on C/N and δ 13C was smaller than that of formalin for all species and more consistent than ethanol preservation. δ 15N of all species was unaffected (within ±1‰) by chemical preservation. Effects on isotopic signals were more predictable among fishes than shrimps or snails. Corrections of +1.11‰ and +1.24‰ should be applied to δ 13C of fishes preserved with formalin and formalin-ethanol (respectively) during trophic analysis. We recommend using formalin-ethanol for macroinvertebrates to limit isotopic shifts, especially those preserved for > 60 d. © 2012, by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc.