Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and blood mercury level: A case-control study in Chinese children

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the association between blood mercury level and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Chinese children in Hong Kong. Methods: Fifty-two children with ADHD aged below 18 years diagnosed by DSM IV criteria without perinatal brain insults, mental retardation or neurological deficits were recruited from a developmental assessment center. Fifty-nine normal controls were recruited from a nearby hospital. Blood mercury levels were measured by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results: The mean ages of cases and controls were 7.06 and 7.81 years respectively. Boys predominated (case = 44 [84.6%], control = 44 [74.6%]). There was significant difference in blood mercury levels between cases and controls (geometric mean 18.2 nmol/L [95% CI 15.4-21.5 nmol/L] vs. 11.6 nmol/L [95% CI 9.9-13.7 nmol/L], p < 0.001), which persists after adjustment for age, gender and parental occupational status (p < 0.001). The geometric mean blood mercury level was also significantly higher in children with inattentive (19.4 nmol/L, 95% CI 13.3-28.5 nmol/L) and combined (18.0 nmol/L, 95% CI 14.9-21.8 nmol/L) subtypes of ADHD. Blood mercury levels were above 29 nmol/L in 17 (26.9%) cases and 6 (10.2%) controls. Children with blood mercury level above 29 nmol/L had 9.69 times (95% CI 2.57-36.5) higher risk of having ADHD after adjustment for confounding variables. Conclusion: High blood mercury level was associated with ADHD. Whether the relationship is causal requires further studies. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart.