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Article: Case study of semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes: An application of the Causal Roadmap to a hybrid design for augmenting an RCT control arm with real-world data
Title | Case study of semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes: An application of the Causal Roadmap to a hybrid design for augmenting an RCT control arm with real-world data |
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Authors | |
Keywords | cardiovascular outcomes Causal inference diabetes hybrid study designs real-world evidence |
Issue Date | 23-Oct-2023 |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Citation | Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, 2023, v. 7, n. 1 How to Cite? |
Abstract | Introduction: Increasing interest in real-world evidence has fueled the development of study designs incorporating real-world data (RWD). Using the Causal Roadmap, we specify three designs to evaluate the difference in risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) with oral semaglutide versus standard-of-care: (1) the actual sequence of non-inferiority and superiority randomized controlled trials (RCTs), (2) a single RCT, and (3) a hybrid randomized-external data study. Methods: The hybrid design considers integration of the PIONEER 6 RCT with RWD controls using the experiment-selector cross-validated targeted maximum likelihood estimator. We evaluate 95% confidence interval coverage, power, and average patient time during which participants would be precluded from receiving a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP1-RA) for each design using simulations. Finally, we estimate the effect of oral semaglutide on MACE for the hybrid PIONEER 6-RWD analysis. Results: In simulations, Designs 1 and 2 performed similarly. The tradeoff between decreased coverage and patient time without the possibility of a GLP1-RA for Designs 1 and 3 depended on the simulated bias. In real data analysis using Design 3, external controls were integrated in 84% of cross-validation folds, resulting in an estimated risk difference of -1.53%-points (95% CI -2.75%-points to -0.30%-points). Conclusions: The Causal Roadmap helps investigators to minimize potential bias in studies using RWD and to quantify tradeoffs between study designs. The simulation results help to interpret the level of evidence provided by the real data analysis in support of the superiority of oral semaglutide versus standard-of-care for cardiovascular risk reduction. |
Persistent Identifier | http://hdl.handle.net/10722/347226 |
DC Field | Value | Language |
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dc.contributor.author | Dang, Lauren E | - |
dc.contributor.author | Fong, Edwin | - |
dc.contributor.author | Tarp, Jens Magelund | - |
dc.contributor.author | Clemmensen, Kim Katrine Bjerring | - |
dc.contributor.author | Ravn, Henrik | - |
dc.contributor.author | Kvist, Kajsa | - |
dc.contributor.author | Buse, John B | - |
dc.contributor.author | Van Der Laan, Mark | - |
dc.contributor.author | Petersen, Maya | - |
dc.date.accessioned | 2024-09-20T00:30:46Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2024-09-20T00:30:46Z | - |
dc.date.issued | 2023-10-23 | - |
dc.identifier.citation | Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, 2023, v. 7, n. 1 | - |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10722/347226 | - |
dc.description.abstract | <p>Introduction: Increasing interest in real-world evidence has fueled the development of study designs incorporating real-world data (RWD). Using the Causal Roadmap, we specify three designs to evaluate the difference in risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) with oral semaglutide versus standard-of-care: (1) the actual sequence of non-inferiority and superiority randomized controlled trials (RCTs), (2) a single RCT, and (3) a hybrid randomized-external data study. Methods: The hybrid design considers integration of the PIONEER 6 RCT with RWD controls using the experiment-selector cross-validated targeted maximum likelihood estimator. We evaluate 95% confidence interval coverage, power, and average patient time during which participants would be precluded from receiving a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP1-RA) for each design using simulations. Finally, we estimate the effect of oral semaglutide on MACE for the hybrid PIONEER 6-RWD analysis. Results: In simulations, Designs 1 and 2 performed similarly. The tradeoff between decreased coverage and patient time without the possibility of a GLP1-RA for Designs 1 and 3 depended on the simulated bias. In real data analysis using Design 3, external controls were integrated in 84% of cross-validation folds, resulting in an estimated risk difference of -1.53%-points (95% CI -2.75%-points to -0.30%-points). Conclusions: The Causal Roadmap helps investigators to minimize potential bias in studies using RWD and to quantify tradeoffs between study designs. The simulation results help to interpret the level of evidence provided by the real data analysis in support of the superiority of oral semaglutide versus standard-of-care for cardiovascular risk reduction.</p> | - |
dc.language | eng | - |
dc.publisher | Cambridge University Press | - |
dc.relation.ispartof | Journal of Clinical and Translational Science | - |
dc.rights | This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. | - |
dc.subject | cardiovascular outcomes | - |
dc.subject | Causal inference | - |
dc.subject | diabetes | - |
dc.subject | hybrid study designs | - |
dc.subject | real-world evidence | - |
dc.title | Case study of semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes: An application of the Causal Roadmap to a hybrid design for augmenting an RCT control arm with real-world data | - |
dc.type | Article | - |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.1017/cts.2023.656 | - |
dc.identifier.scopus | eid_2-s2.0-85175342534 | - |
dc.identifier.volume | 7 | - |
dc.identifier.issue | 1 | - |
dc.identifier.eissn | 2059-8661 | - |
dc.identifier.issnl | 2059-8661 | - |