Economics and the limits of law: An international analysis of persistent gaps in women's reproductive health

Abstract

This chapter examines the interaction of reproductive health with economic factors. It focuses on two issues: labor supply and productivity and out-of-pocket spending. It is well known that poor health reduces labor supply and contributes to lost wages. Empirical evidence documenting the effects of maternal mortality and morbidity on productivity is available for several countries. High fertility can also affect female labor supply, since having children adds to women’s domestic responsibilities, given prevailing gender roles. In studies of female labor supply, labor participation is generally negatively associated with the individual’s number of children. The relationship between fertility, schooling, and economic opportunities is mutually reinforcing. Economic conditions influence the level and shape of women’s agency. Economic conditions influence the level and shape of women’s agency. Poverty and income inequality, especially, drive whether women are able to exercise control over sexual and reproductive decisions.