Article: Avian influenza (H5N1) virus of clade 2.3.2 in domestic poultry in India

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Title	Avian influenza (H5N1) virus of clade 2.3.2 in domestic poultry in India
Authors	Nagarajan, S3 Tosh, C3 Smith, DK1 Peiris, JSM2 Murugkar, HV3 Sridevi, R3 Kumar, M3 Katare, M3 Jain, R3 Syed, Z3 Behera, P3 Cheung, CL2 Khandia, R3 Tripathi, S3 Guan, Y2 Dubey, SC3
Issue Date	2012
Publisher	Public Library of Science. The Journal's web site is located at http://www.plosone.org/home.action
Citation	PLoS One, 2012, v. 7 n. 2, article no. e31844 [How to Cite?] DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031844
Abstract	South Asia has experienced regular outbreaks of H5N1 avian influenza virus since its first detection in India and Pakistan in February, 2006. Till 2009, the outbreaks in this region were due to clade 2.2 H5N1 virus. In 2010, Nepal reported the first outbreak of clade 2.3.2 virus in South Asia. In February 2011, two outbreaks of H5N1 virus were reported in the State of Tripura in India. The antigenic and genetic analyses of seven H5N1 viruses isolated during these outbreaks were carried out. Antigenic analysis confirmed 64 to 256-fold reduction in cross reactivity compared with clade 2.2 viruses. The intravenous pathogenicity index of the isolates ranged from 2.80-2.95 indicating high pathogenicity to chickens. Sequencing of all the eight gene-segments of seven H5N1 viruses isolated in these outbreaks was carried out. The predicted amino acid sequence analysis revealed high pathogenicity to chickens and susceptibility to the antivirals, amantadine and oseltamivir. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that these viruses belong to clade 2.3.2.1 and were distinct to the clade 2.3.2.1 viruses isolated in Nepal. Identification of new clade 2.3.2 H5N1 viruses in South Asia is reminiscent of the introduction of clade 2.2 viruses in this region in 2006/7. It is now important to monitor whether the clade 2.3.2.1 is replacing clade 2.2 in this region or co-circulating with it. Continued co-circulation of various subclades of the H5N1 virus which are more adapted to land based poultry in a highly populated region such as South Asia increases the risk of evolution of pandemic H5N1 strains.
ISSN	1932-6203 2011 Impact Factor: 4.092 2011 SCImago Journal Rankings: 0.519
DOI	http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031844
PubMed Central ID	PMC3282738
References	References in Scopus

DC Field	Value
dc.contributor.author	Nagarajan, S
dc.contributor.author	Tosh, C
dc.contributor.author	Smith, DK
dc.contributor.author	Peiris, JSM
dc.contributor.author	Murugkar, HV
dc.contributor.author	Sridevi, R
dc.contributor.author	Kumar, M
dc.contributor.author	Katare, M
dc.contributor.author	Jain, R
dc.contributor.author	Syed, Z
dc.contributor.author	Behera, P
dc.contributor.author	Cheung, CL
dc.contributor.author	Khandia, R
dc.contributor.author	Tripathi, S
dc.contributor.author	Guan, Y
dc.contributor.author	Dubey, SC
dc.date.accessioned	2012-09-20T08:48:09Z
dc.date.available	2012-09-20T08:48:09Z
dc.date.issued	2012
dc.description.abstract	South Asia has experienced regular outbreaks of H5N1 avian influenza virus since its first detection in India and Pakistan in February, 2006. Till 2009, the outbreaks in this region were due to clade 2.2 H5N1 virus. In 2010, Nepal reported the first outbreak of clade 2.3.2 virus in South Asia. In February 2011, two outbreaks of H5N1 virus were reported in the State of Tripura in India. The antigenic and genetic analyses of seven H5N1 viruses isolated during these outbreaks were carried out. Antigenic analysis confirmed 64 to 256-fold reduction in cross reactivity compared with clade 2.2 viruses. The intravenous pathogenicity index of the isolates ranged from 2.80-2.95 indicating high pathogenicity to chickens. Sequencing of all the eight gene-segments of seven H5N1 viruses isolated in these outbreaks was carried out. The predicted amino acid sequence analysis revealed high pathogenicity to chickens and susceptibility to the antivirals, amantadine and oseltamivir. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that these viruses belong to clade 2.3.2.1 and were distinct to the clade 2.3.2.1 viruses isolated in Nepal. Identification of new clade 2.3.2 H5N1 viruses in South Asia is reminiscent of the introduction of clade 2.2 viruses in this region in 2006/7. It is now important to monitor whether the clade 2.3.2.1 is replacing clade 2.2 in this region or co-circulating with it. Continued co-circulation of various subclades of the H5N1 virus which are more adapted to land based poultry in a highly populated region such as South Asia increases the risk of evolution of pandemic H5N1 strains.
dc.description.nature	published_or_final_version
dc.identifier.citation	PLoS One, 2012, v. 7 n. 2, article no. e31844 [How to Cite?] DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031844
dc.identifier.doi	http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031844
dc.identifier.hkuros	211104
dc.identifier.issn	1932-6203 2011 Impact Factor: 4.092 2011 SCImago Journal Rankings: 0.519
dc.identifier.issue	2, article no. e31844
dc.identifier.pmcid	PMC3282738
dc.identifier.pmid	22363750
dc.identifier.scopus	eid_2-s2.0-84857438531
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10722/166787
dc.identifier.volume	7
dc.language	eng
dc.publisher	Public Library of Science. The Journal's web site is located at http://www.plosone.org/home.action
dc.publisher.place	United States
dc.relation.ispartof	PLoS One
dc.relation.references	References in Scopus
dc.rights	Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License
dc.subject.mesh	Antigens, Viral - genetics - immunology
dc.subject.mesh	Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus - genetics
dc.subject.mesh	Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype - classification - genetics - immunology
dc.subject.mesh	Influenza in Birds - immunology - virology
dc.subject.mesh	Poultry - virology
dc.title	Avian influenza (H5N1) virus of clade 2.3.2 in domestic poultry in India
dc.type	Article

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Author Affiliations

The University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine
The University of Hong Kong
Indian Veterinary Research Institute